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Chemistry 1 Cheat Sheet (DRAFT) by

Grade 9 Chemistry. Intro to chemistry

This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.

The Classi­fic­ation of Matter

Matter has many forms
Matter – anything that has mass and volume.
Mass is a measure of the quantity of an object. (g, kg,)
Volume is a measure of space taken up (mL, L)
Matter can be found as a solid, liquid or gas. (or even a combin­ation of these)

Changes of State

There are 3 states of matter
Solid,­Liquid, gas
Melting – Change from a solid to a liquid
Evapor­ation - Change from a liquid to a gas
Conden­sation - Change from a gas to a liquid
Freezing - Change from a liquid to a solid
Sublim­ation - Change from a solid to a gas
Deposition - Change from a gas to a solid
The temper­ature at which a solid turns into a liquid is called the melting point. (water is 0°C) The reverse process, freezing, occurs at the freezing point.
 

THE PARTICLE THEORY OF MATTER

MATTER – anything that has mass and takes up space, but is NOT energy
Matter is made up of tiny particles that have empty spaces between them
Different substances are made up of different kinds of particles
Particles are in constant random motion
The particles move faster as temper­ature increases
Particles are attracted to each other

SOLIDS, LIQUIDS, & GASES

GASES: Particles are so far apart, their forces of attraction have little effect on their behavior
LIQUIDS: Forces of attraction are weaker than those of solids, and are able to flow past each other
SOLIDS: Forces of attraction are strong enough to hold the particles close together in a rigid shape
 

Pure Substances

A pure substance is made up of only one kind of matter
unique set of properties
colour, hardness, boiling point, and melting point.
A pure substance is either an element (gold) or a compound (sugar).

Element

A pure substance that cannot be broken down into any simpler substance by chemical means.
Each element has its own name and symbol. Example: Gold (Au)

Compound

A pure substance that is made from two or more elements that are combined together chemic­ally.
Example, water (H2O) is a compound containing the elements hydrogen and oxygen.

Mixtures

What is are mixtures?
A mixture is a combin­ation of pure substa­nces.
Each substance remains in its original, pure form, although each is not always easy to see distinctly once the mixture is made.
Contains more than one type of particle
Mixtures can be solids, liquids, or gases
Mixtures can be:
Hetero­geneous (a mixture in which the different parts are visible) - also known as Mechanical Mixtures or Suspen­sions
Eg. Cereal or Salad Dressing
Homoge­neous (looks like a pure substance but contains more than one type of particle) – also known as Solutions
Eg. Apple Juice
Mechanical Mixture (heter­oge­neous mixture)
Different substances that make up the mixture are visible Hetero = different
Suspension
A cloudy mixture in which tiny particles of one substance are held within another.
Can be separated out when the mixture is poured through filter paper.
A suspension is also a hetero­geneous mixture.
Solution (homog­eneous mixture)
Different substances that make it up are not indivi­dually visible
One substance is dissolved in another
The prefix “homo-” means same, and all parts of a homoge­neous mixture look the same.