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Cheatography

GenChem q1 module (FINAL) Cheat Sheet (DRAFT) by

+Matter and its Properties +Atoms, Molecules, and Ions +Stoichiometry +Gases

This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.

Module 1 - Matter and its Properties

Matter - has mass and occupies space.

3 States of Matter

State
Definition
Examples
Solid
rigid; has a fixed shape and volume
ice cube, diamond, iron bar
Liquid
has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container
gasoline, water, blood
Gas
has no fixed volume or shape; takes the shape of its container
air, helium, oxygen

Phase Changes of Matter

Elements and Compounds

Elements
cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical means
iron, aluminum, oxygen, and hydrogen
Compound
substances that have the same compos­­ition no matter where we find them; can be broken down into elements
Water (H20), Salt (NaCl), Ammonia (NH3)

Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes

Physical Properties
odor, color, volume, state (gas, liquid, or solid), density, melting point, boiling point
Chemical Properties
burning, digestion, fermen­­ta­tion, rusting, electr­­olysis

Other Properties

Extensive
changes when the amount of material changes
mass, length, volume, shape
Intensive
does not depend on the size of the material
temper­­ature, odor, color, hardness, density

Other Properties

Extensive
changes when the amount of material changes
mass, length, volume, shape
Intensive
does not depend on the size of the material
temper­­ature, odor, color, hardness, density

Mixture and Pure Substances

Mixture
has variable compos­ition
 
Homoge­neous
also called a solution; does not vary in compos­ition from one region to another
 
Hetero­geneous
contains regions that have different properties from those of other regions
Pure Substance
always have the same compos­­ition; either elements or compounds

Types of bonds

Ionic
when one atom shifts or transfers an electron to another atom; metals + nonmetals
Na+ (1A) and Cl- (7A) creates a stable bond (octet rule)
Covalent
atoms share electrons; nonmetals
O2-(6A) and 2 atoms of H+(1A) = H₂O
Metallic
a metal shares an electron with another metal; positively charged ions in electrons

Module 2 - Isotopes, Compounds, Empirical Formula

Atoms have a constant or fixed number of protons
Atomic Number - gives the protons in the nucleus of an atom; repres­ented as Z
Neutral Atom - number of protons is equal to the number of electrons
Z = nuclear charge = number of protons = number of electrons in neutral form
Mass Number - sum of the number of protons and neutrons; repres­ented by A
An atom can be repres­ented by the nuclear symbol AzE
Nucleons - protons + neutrons

Module 2 - Isotopes, Compounds, Empirical Formula

Atoms have a constant or fixed number of protons
Atomic Number - gives the protons in the nucleus of an atom; repres­ented as Z
Neutral Atom - number of protons is equal to the number of electrons
Z = nuclear charge = number of protons = number of electrons in neutral form
Mass Number - sum of the number of protons and neutrons; repres­ented by A
An atom can be repres­ented by the nuclear symbol AzE
Nucleons - protons + neutrons