Module 1 - Matter and its Properties
Matter - has mass and occupies space. |
3 States of Matter
State |
Definition |
Examples |
Solid |
rigid; has a fixed shape and volume |
ice cube, diamond, iron bar |
Liquid |
has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container |
gasoline, water, blood |
Gas |
has no fixed volume or shape; takes the shape of its container |
air, helium, oxygen |
Elements and Compounds
Elements |
cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical means |
iron, aluminum, oxygen, and hydrogen |
Compound |
substances that have the same composition no matter where we find them; can be broken down into elements |
Water (H20), Salt (NaCl), Ammonia (NH3) |
Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes
Physical Properties |
odor, color, volume, state (gas, liquid, or solid), density, melting point, boiling point |
Chemical Properties |
burning, digestion, fermentation, rusting, electrolysis |
Other Properties
Extensive |
changes when the amount of material changes |
mass, length, volume, shape |
Intensive |
does not depend on the size of the material |
temperature, odor, color, hardness, density |
Other Properties
Extensive |
changes when the amount of material changes |
mass, length, volume, shape |
Intensive |
does not depend on the size of the material |
temperature, odor, color, hardness, density |
Mixture and Pure Substances
Mixture |
has variable composition |
| |
Homogeneous |
also called a solution; does not vary in composition from one region to another |
| |
Heterogeneous |
contains regions that have different properties from those of other regions |
Pure Substance |
always have the same composition; either elements or compounds |
Types of bonds
Ionic |
when one atom shifts or transfers an electron to another atom; metals + nonmetals |
Na+ (1A) and Cl- (7A) creates a stable bond (octet rule) |
Covalent |
atoms share electrons; nonmetals |
O2-(6A) and 2 atoms of H+(1A) = H₂O |
Metallic |
a metal shares an electron with another metal; positively charged ions in electrons |
Module 2 - Isotopes, Compounds, Empirical Formula
Atoms have a constant or fixed number of protons
Atomic Number - gives the protons in the nucleus of an atom; represented as Z
Neutral Atom - number of protons is equal to the number of electrons
Z = nuclear charge = number of protons = number of electrons in neutral form
Mass Number - sum of the number of protons and neutrons; represented by A
An atom can be represented by the nuclear symbol AzE
Nucleons - protons + neutrons |
Module 2 - Isotopes, Compounds, Empirical Formula
Atoms have a constant or fixed number of protons
Atomic Number - gives the protons in the nucleus of an atom; represented as Z
Neutral Atom - number of protons is equal to the number of electrons
Z = nuclear charge = number of protons = number of electrons in neutral form
Mass Number - sum of the number of protons and neutrons; represented by A
An atom can be represented by the nuclear symbol AzE
Nucleons - protons + neutrons |
|
|
|
