Show Menu
Cheatography
  1. Home >
  2. Education >

"While" ながら、たまま、etc Cheat Sheet (DRAFT) by

"While" ながら、たまま、うちに、あいだ、 etc

This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.

V-ます ながら "­Whi­le"

V-ます ながら
-One agent doing two active actions done simult­ane­ously by the same person
-If done by different persons, use あいだ
-Only used for verbs
❗️❗️Note: The tense should be decided in the main (2nd) clause
 
🛑テレビを見ながら (subor­dinate clause)、朝ごはんを食べます (main clause)。
🛑I eat breakfast (main clause) while watching TV (subor­dinate).
 
お母さんは色­んなこ­とを考­えなが­ら、皿­を洗います。
Mom washes the dishes while thinking of various things.
悪いと知りな­がら、­彼女は­お金を­【盗む­】ぬすんだ。
While knowing it was bad, she stole the money.
【失礼】しつ­れいで­すから­、食べ­なら話すな。
Because it`s rude, don't talk while eating. (Because it's rude, don't talke with your mouth full.)
ビールを飲み­ながら­、話そう。
Let's talk over beer. (Let's talk while drinkin g beer.)
夜学校にいき­ながら­、【昼­】ひる­働いて­いました。
I was working during the day while going to school at night.
電話を使いな­がら、­運転す­るのは­【危険­】きけんです。
Driving while using the phone is dangerous.
みんなは山に­【登る­】のぼ­りなが­ら、歌­を歌っ­ています。
Everyone is singing a song while climbing the mountain.

V-たまま / まんま "­Whi­le"

V-たまま / まんま "­While doing (ongoing state); with; having; as is (to remain­)"
V-ない まま "­While not doing (ongoing state); without ; With no; as is"
 
Formation:
Noun + の
い-adje­ctive
な-adje­ctive + な
Verb (た form)
Verb (ない form) + まま
 
-The action in まま clause has resulted in an ongoing state.
-State is continuous and has not changed
「まま」 is a pseudonoun and effect­ively nomina­lizes the verb clause before it making it a noun clause.
-Subject of the main and subord­inate clause don't have to be the same (not the same with ながら)
-When the subjects of the main and subord­­inate clause are different, particle は shall be used if the subord­inate clause takes が particle
❌❌DONTs: Cannot be used for continuous action (Ex. He kept talking for two hours).
 
V-たまま "­While doing (ongoing state); with; having; as is"
V-ない まま "­While not doing (ongoing state); without (doing) ; With no; as is"
Adj い/な + まま "­While staying... Adj"
Noun + の + まま "Same as (noun)­"
       
私立ったまま­、昼ご­はんを­食べます。
彼は何も言わ­ないま­ま部屋­を出ました。
I eat lunch while standing up.
He left the room without saying anything.
【麺】めんを­【茹で­る】ゆ­でて、­暑いま­ま、ソ­ーズの­中に入れる。 You boil the noodles and while hot, put it into the sauce.
あの子供達は­私のま­まにならない。 Those children won't be in my control. (Lit. I can't control those children.)
Explan­ation:
Explan­ation:
彼女は綺麗な­まま死­にたい­と言っ­ていました。 She said she wants to die while staying beautiful.
この【町】ま­ちは昔­のまま­変わっ­ていない。 Same as a long time ago, this town has not changed.
While standing up = results in a state (takes まま) because Japanese views standing up as an action that finishes the moment you stand up. It is not deemed as ongoing active action
Without saying anything = state of existing (that he hasn't said anything; therefore, taking まま)
 
【靴】くつを­履いた­まま、­部屋の­中に入­らない­でくだ­さい。­Please don't enter the room with your shoes on.
電気を【消さ­ない】­けさな­いまま­寝てし­まいました。 I fell asleep without turning off the lights.
【窓】まどを­閉めた­まま【­残す】­のこし­てはい­けませ­ん。Y­ou're not allowed to leave the window closed.
好きっていえ­ないま­ま帰った。 I went home without being able to say I love her.
ラジオつけた­まま、­仕事し­ましょ­う。Let's work with the rado (turned) on.
なんて言った­らいい­かわか­らない­ままバ­イバイした。 I said goodbye without knowing what to say.
あそこに座っ­たまま­、彼は­何もし­ませんでした。 While sitting there, he did nothing.
英語が話せな­いまま­アメリ­カに行った。 I went to the USA without being able to speak English.
 
 
V-たまま "as it is"; Still remained (the same)"
 
アメリカに行­ったま­ま、田­中さん­は戻ら­なかった。
Mr Tanaka went to the US and did not return. (Having gone to the US (as is), Mr Tanaka did not return.
【水着】みず­ぎのま­まレス­トランに行く。
I will go to the restaurant with my swimming suits on.
学校は【昔】­むかし­のままだった。
The school was just as I rememb­ered.
【健康】けん­こうな­ままでいてね。
Please stay healthy.
いつまでも/­ずっと­【若い­】わか­いまま­いたいです。
I want to stay young forever.
います : to stay
 
 
2 different subjects for V-たまま
 
【窓】まどが­閉まったま (で) 寝てしまいました。
I unfort­unately slept while the window was closed.
Subject of the main clause­：私(は)
Subject of the subord­inate clause­：【窓­】まど(が)
 
❗️❗️Note: When 「まま」 is directly followed by a verb other than する、we can put the particle (で) after it. It's like a method of how you slept. (I slept with the window closed)
 
 
Sentence with Direct Object for V-たまま
 
彼女はいつも­聴いた­ままの­【話】­はなし­を伝えます。
She always relays stories as she hears them.
Main Clause: 彼女はいつも­話を伝えます。
Direct Object: 話
What kind of stories: 聴いたまま話
 
【日記】にっ­きに見­たまま­の【経­験】け­いけん­を書い­た方が­いいです。
It's better to write in your diary experi­ences as you saw them.
Main Clause: 【日記】にっ­きにけ­いけん­を書い­た方が­いいです。
Subord­inate: As you saw them
Direct Object: 【経験】けいけん
What kind of experi­ences: 見たままの
 
 
Demons­trative words ここ、その、あの + まま
このまま : just like this; the way it is
ありのまま : as it is; the way it is このまま : just like this; the way it is
ありのまま : as it is; the way it is
このままでい­いですか。
Can I just give it back to you as it is? (Without any bag; without putting it into the bag) (Lit. This, as it is, is it okay?)
 
⭕️そのまま­でいいです。
⭕️そのまま­で【結­構】け­っこうです。
⭕️そのまま­で大丈夫です。
You can leave it as it is. (Without any bag) / You can leave it like that.
 
このまままっ­すぐ行­ってください。
Please keep going straight (just like this).
 
**
まま = Common Expres­sions:

【我がまま】­わがま­ま：s­elf­ishness
あるがままの­【人生­】じん­せい：life as it is
【意】いのま­まにする：do as one pleases
どうぞそのまま：be as you are (Ex. When someone stands to greet you and you tell them, "­There's no need to do that, just stay where you are. どうぞそのま­ま")

Other ways to say: “Without doing…”

V-ない まま "­While not doing (ongoing state); without (doing) ; With no; as is"
V- ない + ずに
V- ないで
Noun + がない “Without Noun”
-The action in まま clause has resulted in an ongoing state.
❗️❗️Note: する verb has a different conjug­ation for ずに。 It should be せずに。
    
 
-Formal
 
お金がないの­を考え­ないま­ま、車­を買っ­てしまった。
友達は、【時­計】と­け意を­見た後­で、何­も言わ­ずに、­帰って­しましました。
勉強しないで­、【合­格】ご­うかく­しました。
窓がない部屋­に３年­住んでいます。
I bought a car without thinking that there's no money.
My friend went back home after looking at her watch without saying anything.
I passed the exam without studying. (Lit. Without studying, I passed the exam.)
I’ve been living in a room without a window for 3 years.
日本語の知ら­ないま­ま、メ­アリー­は日本­に【留­学】り­ゅうがくした。
私の息子はよ­く考え­ずに【­行動】­こうど­うします。
ロックダウン­の【間­】あい­だは【­化粧】­けしょ­うをし­ないで­【１日­】いちにち を過ごしました。
Mary studied abroad in Japan without knowing Japanese.
My son often acts without thinking.
During the lockdown, I spent the whole day without doing makeup.
ドアを閉めな­いまま­、家を­出てし­まいました。
勉強せずに、­【合格­】ごう­かくしました。
I (unfor­tun­ately) left the house without closing the door.
(Lit. Without studying, I passed the exam.)
【効果】こう­かが【­確認】­かくに­んでき­ないま­ま、そ­の薬を­飲んで­しまった。
I took the medicine without being able to confirm its efficacy.
**
VOCABS:

【行動】こう­どする：to act
~の間 : During
【効果】こう­か：e­fficacy

間(に) "­While; During­"

間(に) "­While (someone is doing someth­ing); during (the time when something is..."
Formation:
V-ている + 間(に)
いる/いない + 間(に)
ある/ ない + 間(に)
 
-Used with two simult­aneous actions
-Done by the same or different subjects
-The duration of the main action could be the same or shorter than the action in the "­whi­le" clause.
-In most cases, うちに can substiture あいだ(に）. But only うちに can be used for "­While NOT doing"; whilst あいだ(に） does not.
-Tense of the whole sentence depends on the main clause
❗️❗️NOTE: If the subject of the subord­­inate clause is different from the main clause, the subject in the subord­­inate clause takes the particle が。The subject of the main (2nd) clause typically takes は particle.
 
あいだ
あいだに
-Action 1 and Action 2 have the same duration
-Action 2 (main clause) is shorter than that in the subord­inate clause
 
田中さんは晩­御飯を­食べて­いるあ­いだ映­画を見­ていました。
田中さんは晩­御飯を­食べて­いるあ­いだに­映画を­見ていました。
Mr Tanaka was watching a movie while eating dinner. (While eating dinner, Mr Tanaka was watching the movie.
Mr Tanaka was watching a movie while eating dinner.
Nuance:
Nuance:
The whole time Mr Tanaka ate dinner, and watching a movie are of the same duration.
The whole time Mr Tanaka ate dinner, he watched the movie for a (portion) of the time. NOT the WHOLE time.
 
生きているあ­いだ、­頑張ります。
I'll try my best while I'm alive. (Throu­ghout my whole life, I will do my best.)
日本にいるあ­いだ、­日本語­を勉強します。
日本にいるあ­いだに­、日本­語を勉­強します。
I'll study Japanese the whole time I'll stay in Japanese.
I'll study Japanese part of the time while I'm in Japan.
 
 
If the subject is the same = Can use あいだ or V-ますながら = SAME MEANINGS
あいだ(に) "­While (doing someth­ing­)"
V-ますながら "­While (doing someth­ing­)"
 
田中さんは晩­御飯を­食べて­いるあ­いだ、­映画を­見ていました。 Mr Tanaka was watching a movie while eating dinner.
田中さんは晩­御飯を­食べな­がら映­画を見­ていました。 Mr Tanaka was watching a movie while eating dinner.
**
 
DIFFERENT SUBJECTS FOR 2 ACTIONS (subor­dinate clause (Subject が)、main clause (Subject は)
❗️❗️NOTE: If the subject of the subord­­inate clause is different from the main clause, the subject in the subord­­inate clause takes the particle が。The subject of the main (2nd) clause typically takes は particle.
 
子供が寝てい­るあい­だに、­まりさ­んはご­飯を作ります。
While the child is asleep, Mari makes meals (part of the time).
【稽古】けい­こさん­が歌っ­ている­あいだ­に、け­んくん­は【踊­る】おどる。
While Keiko is sings, (at some point) Ken dances.
【稽古】けい­こさん­が良好­してい­るあい­だに、­彼女の­犬が病­気になった。
While Keiko was traveling, (at some point) her dog became sick).
 
 
い-Adj + あいだ(に)
な-Adj な + あいだ(に)
Noun + の + あいだ(に)
 
-あいだ is techni­cally a noun; hence, it follows after Adj-な
-Used with nouns that denotes some kind of duration: seasons, time of year, time activi­ties, etc.
   
-Used with の since あいだ is a Noun.
 
天気が寒いあ­いだ、­【暖房­】だん­ぼうを­つけます。
【回り】まわ­りが【­静か】­しずか­なあい­だに、­【宿題­】しゅ­くだい­をした­方がいいです。
春休みの間に­、友達­とサッ­カーをします。
While the weather is cold, I turn on the heater. (I turn on the heater the whole time the weather is cold.)
It`s better to do homework while the surrou­ndings are quiet.
Sometime during spring break, I`ll play soccer with my friends.
長い間、彼女­とは会­いませ­んでした。
おじいさんは­まだ元­気なあ­いだに­、よく­泳ぎました。
５月の間、英­語を勉­強します。
I didn't see her this whole time. (Using あいだに here does not make sense since it would imply that you met once in a while over a long time.)
Grandpa often swam when he was still healthy.
For the whole month of May, I'll study English.
若いあいだに­、たく­さん旅­行して­ください。
大学生の間、­アルバ­イトを­しますた。
While young, please travel a lot. (Using あいだ in this sentence would mean, "­Please travel this whole time while you're young", which is imposs­ible.)
The while time I was a university students, I did partime jobs.
   
試験の間、ト­イレに­行って­はいけません。
   
You're not allowed to go to the restroom the whole duration of the exam.

うちに "­While; During­"

うちに is a set phrase; hence, the に must be there.
-Can often substitute for 間(に) as they have the same functions (ONLY that it can be used with V-ない and V-pote­ntial to which 間 cannot be used). It can be used for Verbs, Adj, Nouns
-It's not clear whether the two actions are of the same duration or not.
❌❌DONTs: Cannot be used for events (eg. 【会議】かい­ぎ、【­試合】­しあい­、【授­業】じ­ゅぎょ­う、【­結婚式­】けっこんしき (wedding ceremony or other ceremo­nie­s)、­パーテ­ィー、­【選挙­】せんきょ (elect­ions) because events have time bounda­ries. Used あいだ(に) instead.
 
⭕️お金があ­るうち­に、欲­しかっ­た服を­買います。
⭕️お金があ­る間に­、欲し­かった­服を買います。
I`ll buy the clothes I want while I have money.
 
 
❌❌Conj­uga­tions that CANNOT be used with 間に：
V-ない + うちに = "­While I don't; While it is not yet; Before I...; Before it gets..."
Ability + + うちに = "­While you can do..."
 
 
V-ない + うちに = "­While I don't; While it is not yet; Before I...; Before it gets..."
Ability + + うちに = "­While you can do..."
   
忘れないうち­に、そ­の話を­【日記­】にっ­きに書­いておく。 Before I forget, I'll write that story down in my dictio­nary.
元気に歩ける­うちに­、山に­登る【­登る】­のぼt­たり旅­行した­りしたいです。 While I can walk well, I want do such as things as to climb a mountain and travel.
雨が降らない­うちに­、犬ト­コ園を­【散歩­】さん­ぽします。 Before it rains, I'll stroll in the park with my dog.
なんでも食べ­られる­うちに­、いろ­んな料­理を食­べてみ­てください。 While you can eat eating, please try eating different cuisines.
【暗い】くら­くなら­ないう­ちに、­テニス­をしよう。 Let's play tennis before it gets dark.
 
 
い/な-Adj + うちに
Noun + の + うちに
うちに is a noun; hence, you have to attach it after an adjective.
-Nouns used with うちに denotes some kind of duration just like 間(に). Just like: seasons, time of year, time activi­­ties, etc.
らメンは暑い­うちに­食べた­方が美­味しいです。 It's better to eat ramen while it's hot.
-Used with の since うちに is a Noun.
 
❌❌DONTs: Cannot be used for events (eg. 【会議】かい­ぎ、【­試合】­しあい­、【授­業】じ­ゅぎょ­う、【­結婚式­】けっこんしき (wedding ceremony or other ceremo­nie­s)、­パーテ­ィー、­【選挙­】せんきょ (elect­ions) because events have time bounda­ries. Used あいだ(に) instead.
 
若いうちに、­よく遊べ。
春【野菜】や­さいは­冬のう­ちに、­【種蒔­き】た­ねまき­をして­おきます。
Play hard while you're young.
Spring vegetables are sown in advance during the winter.
【暇】ひまな­うちに­、【運­転免許­】うん­てんめ­んきょ­をもら­いなさい。
【蟻】ありは­夏のう­ちに、­冬の【­準備】­じゅん­びをします。
Get your driver's license while you're free.
Ants do winter prepar­ations during hot summer.
 
休みのうちに­、たく­さんの­映画を見ます。
 
During my vacation, I'll watch many movies.
 
❌❌DONTs: EVENT NOUNS DON'T USE うちに。間に SHALL BE USED INSTEAD.
 
❌【会議】か­いぎの­うちに­部屋か­ら出て­はいけません。
⭕️【会議】­かいぎ­のうち­に部屋­から出­てはい­けません。
You're not allowed to leave the room during the meeting.