Miscellaneous Formulas
Area of a Circle |
3.14r2 |
Volume |
area x height |
Density |
mass/volume |
% Composition of Element |
[(#of atoms of element)x(atomic weight of element)]/formula weight of substance x 100 |
% Yield |
[(actual yield)/(theoretical yield)] x 100 |
Molarity |
(moles of solute)/(volume of solution in Liters) |
Effective Nuclear Charge |
(atomic number) - (screening constant) |
Dipole Moment |
Qr |
Bond Order |
(# shared electrons) - (# nonbonding electrons)) |
Pressure |
(force) / (area) |
Pressure x Volume |
nRT |
Density of Gas |
mass / volume |
Density of Gas |
(pressure x Molarity) / (R x temp.) |
Molarity of Gas |
(density x R x Temperature) / pressure |
Vapor Pressure |
-(change in Hvap) / RT + C1 |
Activity Series
Lithium |
Potassium |
Barium |
Calcium |
Sodium |
Magnesium |
Aluminium |
Manganese |
Zinc |
Chromium |
Iron |
Cobalt |
Nickel |
Tin |
Lead |
Hydrogen |
Copper |
Silver |
Mercury |
Platinum |
Gold |
The higher up, the greater the ease of oxidation
Light Formulas
The speed of light (c) |
3.00 x 108 ms |
c = |
(wavelenght) x (velocity) |
Planck's Constant (h) |
6.626 x 10-34 J-s |
E = |
hv |
Rydberg Constant (Rh) |
1.097 x 107 m-1 |
wavelength = |
h / (mv) |
Calories in Food
Fat |
8.8 |
Protein |
4.1 |
Carbs |
4.1 |
Intermolecular Forces
Bond |
Substance |
Melting Point (K) |
Boiling Point (K) |
Covalent |
Diamond |
3800 |
4300 |
Metallic |
Beryllium |
1560 |
2742 |
Ionic |
Lithium Fluoride |
1118 |
1949 |
Dispersion Force |
Nitrogen |
63 |
77 |
Dipole-Dipole Force |
HCl |
158 |
188 |
Hydrogen |
HF |
190 |
293 |
|
|
Metric System
Prefix |
Abbreviation |
Meaning |
Peta |
P |
1015 |
Tera |
T |
1012 |
Giga |
G |
109 |
Mega |
M |
106 |
Kilo |
k |
103 |
Deci |
d |
10-1 |
Centi |
c |
10-2 |
Milli |
m |
10-3 |
Micro |
u |
10-6 |
Nano |
n |
10-9 |
Temperature Conversions
Celsius to Kelvin |
K = C + 273.15 |
Kelvin to Celsius |
C = K - 273.15 |
Celsius to Fahrenheit |
F = 9/5(C) + 32 |
Fahrenheit to Celsius |
C = 5/9 (F) - 32 |
Laws
Law of Constant Competition |
-French Chemist, Joseph Louis Proust (1800):the elemental composition of a compound is almost always the same |
Law of Conservation of Mass |
The total mass of substances present at the end of a chemical process is the same as the mass of substances present before the process took place |
Energy Formulas
Kinetic Energy (Ek) |
1/2mv2 |
Potential Energy (Eel) |
(kQ1Q2)/d |
Work |
force x distance |
Work |
-Pressure x (change in Volume) |
Internal Energy |
E(final) - E(initial) |
Enthalpy (H) |
(internal energy) + (pressure x volume) |
Enthalpy of Reaction |
H (products) - H (reactants) |
Specific Heat |
(heat transferred) / (mass x change in temp.) |
Change in Enthalpy |
m x s x (change in T) |
Lattice Energy |
K [(Q1Q2) / d] |
Exceptions to the Octet Rule
- ions or molecules have an odd number of electrons
- ions or molecules with less than an octet
-ions or molecules with more than 8 valence electrons |
Conversions
1 amu |
1.66054 x 10-24g |
Grams to Moles |
divide by formula weight |
Moles to Grams |
multiply by formula weight |
Moles to Molecules |
multiply by 6.022 x 1023 |
Molecules to Moles |
divide by 6.022 x 1023 |
Magnetic Quantum Number
n |
l |
m1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
- |
1 |
1, 0, -1 |
3 |
0 |
0 |
- |
1 |
1, 0, -1 |
- |
2 |
2, 1, 0, -1, -2 |
4 |
0 |
0 |
- |
1 |
1, 0, -1 |
- |
2 |
2, 1, 0, -1, -2 |
- |
3 |
3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2, -3 |
The Scientific Method
-hypothesis: tentative explanation
-theory: an explanation of the general causes of phenomena
-scientific law: a concise law that summarizes something
-mass: a measurement of the amount of material in an agent |
|
|
SI Units
Physical Quantity |
Name of Unit |
Abbreviation |
Mass |
Kilogram |
kg |
Length |
Meter |
m |
Time |
Second |
s or sec |
Tempertature |
Kelvin |
K |
Amount of Substance |
Mole |
mol |
Electric Current |
Ampere |
amp or A |
Luminous Intensity |
Candela |
cd |
States of Matter
Liquid |
Gas |
Solid |
assumes shape of the portion of container it occupies |
assumes volume and shape of container |
retains own shape and volume |
does not expand to fill container |
expands to fill container |
does not expand to fill container |
is virtually incompressible |
is compressible |
is virtually incompressible |
flows readily |
flows readily |
does not flow |
diffusion occurs slowly |
diffusion occurs rapidly |
diffusion occurs extremely slowly |
Molecular Shapes
Steric # |
Electron -Domain |
Bonding / Nonbonding |
Molecular Geometry |
2 |
Linear |
2 / 0 |
Linear |
3 |
Trigonal Planar |
3 / 0 |
Trigonal Planar |
| |
|
2 / 1 |
Bent |
4 |
Tetrahedral |
4 / 0 |
Tetrahedral |
| |
|
3 / 1 |
Trigonal Pyramid |
| |
|
2 / 2 |
Bent |
5 |
Trigonal Bipyramidal |
5 / 0 |
Trigonal Bipyramidal |
| |
|
4 / 1 |
Seesaw |
| |
|
3 / 2 |
T-shaped |
| |
|
2 / 3 |
Linear |
6 |
Octahedral |
6 / 0 |
Octahedral |
| |
|
5 / 1 |
Square Pyramidal |
| |
|
4 / 2 |
Square Planar |
Steric # = (# of bonds) - (nonbonding electron pairs)
Metals vs. Nonmetals
Metals |
Nonmetals |
shiny luster, various colors, more silvery |
no luster, various colors |
solids are malleable, ductile |
solids are brittle, some hard, some soft |
good conductors of heat and electricity |
poor conductors of heat and electricity |
most oxides are ionic, most solids are basic |
most oxides for acidic solutions |
tend to form cations in aqueous solutions |
tend to form anions or oxyanions in aqeuous solutions |
Strong Bases and Acids
Strong Acids |
Strong Bases |
HCl |
LiOH |
HBr |
NaOH |
HI |
KOH |
HClO3 |
RbOH |
HClO4 |
CsOH |
HNO3 |
Sr(OH) |
H2SO4 |
Ba(OH2) |
|
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