Miscellaneous FormulasArea of a Circle | 3.14r2 | Volume | area x height | Density | mass/volume | % Composition of Element | [(#of atoms of element)x(atomic weight of element)]/formula weight of substance x 100 | % Yield | [(actual yield)/(theoretical yield)] x 100 | Molarity | (moles of solute)/(volume of solution in Liters) | Effective Nuclear Charge | (atomic number) - (screening constant) | Dipole Moment | Qr | Bond Order | (# shared electrons) - (# nonbonding electrons)) | Pressure | (force) / (area) | Pressure x Volume | nRT | Density of Gas | mass / volume | Density of Gas | (pressure x Molarity) / (R x temp.) | Molarity of Gas | (density x R x Temperature) / pressure | Vapor Pressure | -(change in Hvap) / RT + C1 |
Activity SeriesLithium | Potassium | Barium | Calcium | Sodium | Magnesium | Aluminium | Manganese | Zinc | Chromium | Iron | Cobalt | Nickel | Tin | Lead | Hydrogen | Copper | Silver | Mercury | Platinum | Gold |
The higher up, the greater the ease of oxidation Light FormulasThe speed of light (c) | 3.00 x 108 ms | c = | (wavelenght) x (velocity) | Planck's Constant (h) | 6.626 x 10-34 J-s | E = | hv | Rydberg Constant (Rh) | 1.097 x 107 m-1 | wavelength = | h / (mv) |
Intermolecular ForcesBond | Substance | Melting Point (K) | Boiling Point (K) | Covalent | Diamond | 3800 | 4300 | Metallic | Beryllium | 1560 | 2742 | Ionic | Lithium Fluoride | 1118 | 1949 | Dispersion Force | Nitrogen | 63 | 77 | Dipole-Dipole Force | HCl | 158 | 188 | Hydrogen | HF | 190 | 293 |
| | Metric SystemPrefix | Abbreviation | Meaning | Peta | P | 1015 | Tera | T | 1012 | Giga | G | 109 | Mega | M | 106 | Kilo | k | 103 | Deci | d | 10-1 | Centi | c | 10-2 | Milli | m | 10-3 | Micro | u | 10-6 | Nano | n | 10-9 |
Temperature ConversionsCelsius to Kelvin | K = C + 273.15 | Kelvin to Celsius | C = K - 273.15 | Celsius to Fahrenheit | F = 9/5(C) + 32 | Fahrenheit to Celsius | C = 5/9 (F) - 32 |
LawsLaw of Constant Competition | -French Chemist, Joseph Louis Proust (1800):the elemental composition of a compound is almost always the same | Law of Conservation of Mass | The total mass of substances present at the end of a chemical process is the same as the mass of substances present before the process took place |
Energy FormulasKinetic Energy (Ek) | 1/2mv2 | Potential Energy (Eel) | (kQ1Q2)/d | Work | force x distance | Work | -Pressure x (change in Volume) | Internal Energy | E(final) - E(initial) | Enthalpy (H) | (internal energy) + (pressure x volume) | Enthalpy of Reaction | H (products) - H (reactants) | Specific Heat | (heat transferred) / (mass x change in temp.) | Change in Enthalpy | m x s x (change in T) | Lattice Energy | K [(Q1Q2) / d] |
Exceptions to the Octet Rule- ions or molecules have an odd number of electrons
- ions or molecules with less than an octet
-ions or molecules with more than 8 valence electrons |
Conversions1 amu | 1.66054 x 10-24g | Grams to Moles | divide by formula weight | Moles to Grams | multiply by formula weight | Moles to Molecules | multiply by 6.022 x 1023 | Molecules to Moles | divide by 6.022 x 1023 |
Magnetic Quantum Numbern | l | m1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | - | 1 | 1, 0, -1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | - | 1 | 1, 0, -1 | - | 2 | 2, 1, 0, -1, -2 | 4 | 0 | 0 | - | 1 | 1, 0, -1 | - | 2 | 2, 1, 0, -1, -2 | - | 3 | 3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2, -3 |
The Scientific Method-hypothesis: tentative explanation
-theory: an explanation of the general causes of phenomena
-scientific law: a concise law that summarizes something
-mass: a measurement of the amount of material in an agent |
| | SI UnitsPhysical Quantity | Name of Unit | Abbreviation | Mass | Kilogram | kg | Length | Meter | m | Time | Second | s or sec | Tempertature | Kelvin | K | Amount of Substance | Mole | mol | Electric Current | Ampere | amp or A | Luminous Intensity | Candela | cd |
States of MatterLiquid | Gas | Solid | assumes shape of the portion of container it occupies | assumes volume and shape of container | retains own shape and volume | does not expand to fill container | expands to fill container | does not expand to fill container | is virtually incompressible | is compressible | is virtually incompressible | flows readily | flows readily | does not flow | diffusion occurs slowly | diffusion occurs rapidly | diffusion occurs extremely slowly |
Molecular ShapesSteric # | Electron -Domain | Bonding / Nonbonding | Molecular Geometry | 2 | Linear | 2 / 0 | Linear | 3 | Trigonal Planar | 3 / 0 | Trigonal Planar | | | | 2 / 1 | Bent | 4 | Tetrahedral | 4 / 0 | Tetrahedral | | | | 3 / 1 | Trigonal Pyramid | | | | 2 / 2 | Bent | 5 | Trigonal Bipyramidal | 5 / 0 | Trigonal Bipyramidal | | | | 4 / 1 | Seesaw | | | | 3 / 2 | T-shaped | | | | 2 / 3 | Linear | 6 | Octahedral | 6 / 0 | Octahedral | | | | 5 / 1 | Square Pyramidal | | | | 4 / 2 | Square Planar |
Steric # = (# of bonds) - (nonbonding electron pairs) Metals vs. NonmetalsMetals | Nonmetals | shiny luster, various colors, more silvery | no luster, various colors | solids are malleable, ductile | solids are brittle, some hard, some soft | good conductors of heat and electricity | poor conductors of heat and electricity | most oxides are ionic, most solids are basic | most oxides for acidic solutions | tend to form cations in aqueous solutions | tend to form anions or oxyanions in aqeuous solutions |
Strong Bases and AcidsStrong Acids | Strong Bases | HCl | LiOH | HBr | NaOH | HI | KOH | HClO3 | RbOH | HClO4 | CsOH | HNO3 | Sr(OH) | H2SO4 | Ba(OH2) |
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