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AP Biology Unit 8: Molecular Biology Cheat Sheet (DRAFT) by

Ch 16: The Molecular Basis of Inheritance; Ch 17: From Gene to Protein; Ch 18: Regulation of Gene Expression; Ch 19: Viruses; Ch 20: Biotechnology; Ch 21: Genomes and Their Evolution; Ch 27: Bacteria and Archaea

This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.

DNA Replic­ation

helicases- untwist double helix
topois­ome­rase- breaks, swivels, & rejoins
primer- initial stretch of RNA
DNA polyme­rases- adds nucleo­tides

Chromosome Structure

histones make up nucleo­somes

Transc­ription

-RNA polymerase synthe­sizes RNA
-promoter initiates, terminator (bacte­ria­)/p­oly­ade­nyl­ation sequence (eukar­yotes) ends
-TATA box= crucial to initiation complex
-mods: 5' cap, poly-A tail, RNA splicing
  

Transl­ation

initiation factors- bring components together w/GTP
elongation factors- add amino acids to chain
release factors- binds to A site codon & hydrolyzes bond in P site
proces­sing: protein folding & mods

Mutations

base-pair substi­tutions
replac­ement of nucleotide w/another; silent=no effect, missen­se=­change 1 amino acid, nonsen­se=­changes amino acid codon to stop codon
insertions & deletions
additions or losses of nucleotide pairs

Regulation of Genes

operon
stretch of DNA required for enzyme production (repre­ssible & inducible)
repressor
blocks attachment of RNA polymerase
corepr­essor
cooperates w/repr­essor to turn operon off
activator
stimulates transc­ription (ex: cAMP)
miRNA, siRNA
degrades target mRNA, blocks transl­ation
 

Biotec­hnology

restri­ction enzymes
cut DNA sequences at palindrome restri­ction sites
ligase
seals breaks
vector
vehicle of DNA to replace or express genetic material
Polymerase Chain Reaction
produces copies of DNA w/o cells
cDNA
DNA produced w/ reverse transc­riptase

Viruses

capsid
protein coat, made of capsomeres
lytic cycle
phage enters cell, takes control, replic­ates, lyses cell
lysogenic cycle
viruses replicate w/o destroying host
prophage
dormant virus within host genome
retrovirus
synthesize cDNA from RNA w/ reverse transc­riptase

Bacteria

binary fission
asexual reprod­uction (variation w/muta­tion)
transf­orm­ation
recomb­ination of pieces of DNA into a live bacterium
transd­uction
bacter­iop­hages carry genes host-host
plasmid
foreign, small, circular, self-r­epl­icating DNA
conjug­ation
F plasmid produces sex pilli, allow DNA to transfer