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Gregor Mendel-1860sThe "Father of Genetics" | His jobs | Austrian monk, teacher, scientist, and gardener | Used peas because | easy to grow, relatively short time period per generation (3 months), self-pollinating, and created purebreds | | scientist | True-breeding | 7 simple traits without genetic variation | Used brushes to pollinate | | P1 | parental generation |
Punnet Squares - Monohybrid Cross
Punnet Squares - Codominance
Chromosomes and GenesHomologous chromosomes contain genes for the same traits | Traits are controlled by alleles | The genotype is the alleles received at fertilization | Phenotype is the physical appearance |
| | Principle of DominanceF1 plants resembled one parent | F1 hybrids contained two factors for each trait | 1.Dominant | masks recessive | 2.Recessive | "disappears" with dominant allele |
Inheritance PatternsHomozygous Dominant | two dominant alleles (BB) | Homozygous recessive | two recessive alleles (bb) | Heterozygous | one dominant and one recessive allele (Bb) |
Punnet Squares - Dihybrid Crosstwo pairs of contrasting traits
Polygenic TraitsWhen 2 or more genes control a trait | Skin color | 4-7 genes + melanin | Eye Color | blue (light melanin) + brown (a lot of melanin) | Height |
Test CrossesUnknown genotype x known genotype | important to breeders | performed with homozygous recessive |
| | ProbabilityThe mathematical chance of an event occuring | 3 ways to express | percent, decimal, or fraction | Law of Probability | in the case where there are several possible outcomes and the chances are equally likely, they will even out to follow the predicted probability in large sample sizes |
Incomplete DominanceEx.) red + white = pink | 3 phenotypes | neither alleles are completely dominant | Alleles | homozygous dominant | RR | homozygous recessive | R'R' | heterozygous | RR' |
Codominanceneither allele is dominant or recessive | Ex.) white + red = red & white | 3 phenotypes | Alleles | red coat | RR | white coat | RR | mixed | RW |
Punnet Squares - Incomplete Dominance
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helpful! thanks<3
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