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Exam 2 - Cell Biology Cheat Sheet by

Macromolecules, Transport, Organelles, Metabolism

MACROM­OLE­CULES

 

Common Functional Groups

Hydroxyl
-OH
polar
Carboxyl
-COOH
polar
Carbonyl
-CO
polar
Amino
-NH3
polar
Phosphate
-PO3
polar
Methyl
-CH3
non-polar
Sulfhydryl
-SH
non-polar

Organic Compounds Overview

*more details underneath this block

Carboh­ydrates

Monosa­cch­arides
Disacc­harides
Polysa­cch­arides
-glucose
-sucrose
"­sta­rch­"
-fructose
-lactose
-cellulose
 
-dextrose
-chiton
 
-maltose
-amylose
 
-galactose
-glycogen
*sugars can dissolve in H20 because they are NON-POLAR!

Lipids

Trigly­cerides
Phosph­olipids
Steroids
-made of glycerol and fatty acids
-forms a bilayer (membr­anes)
-4 rings
-three "­str­and­s"
-polar, hydrop­hilic heads
-chole­sterol
-no kink = saturated
-nonpolar, hydrop­hobic tails
-estrogen
-kink = unsatu­rated
  
-testo­sterone

Proteins

*R groups can be a mix of the following: uncharged, non-polar, polar, hydrop­hilic, hydrop­hobic

*amino acids are joined by a PEPTIDE BOND
^this results in a dehydr­ation (taking H20 out)

*protein = shape

Nucleo­tides

*amount of Pi (phosphate group) can change
  

TRANSP­ORT­/EN­ZYMES

 

Osmosis

Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Isotonic
high solute, less water
low solute, high water
equili­brium
cell shriveled
cell swells (hippo)
cell is normal

Transport

*more descri­ptions below

Endocy­tosis

Exocytosis

Enzymes

-bind to a substrate. These fit depending on the SHAPE of enzymes
-compe­titive inhibitors can block substrates by changing the shape of the enzyme

Enzymes are catalysts

Things that factor enzyme activity:

-enzyme concen­tration
-substrate concen­tration
-tempe­rature
-pH
*enzymes have an optimal temp. and pH
^this depends on the specific enzyme!

*enzymes usually can go back to its original form, unless it DENATURES
  

CELL STRUCT­URE­S/O­RGA­NELLES

 

Prokar­yotic vs Eukaryotic

-no nucleus
-nucleus
-mainly bacteria
-animals, plants, fungi, protists
-small! simple!
-large! more complex!
-no organelles
-orang­elles
organelle: membra­ne-­bound structures with a function

Cell wall / Cell membrane

-only in plants
-plants and animals
-provide strong support
-phosp­holipid bilayer
-doesn't move during osmosis

Nucleus

-stores DNA (chrom­atin)

Mitoch­ondria

-ATP and cellular respir­ation
-has a double membrane and its own DNA/ri­bosomes

Vesicles

-transport materials
-can be led by MOTOR PROTEINS

Lysosomes

-break down materials

Cytosk­eleton

-dense network of protein fibers
-support and shape the cell
-anchors organelles

Golgi Apparatus

-protein modifi­cation and sorting

Endopl­asmic Reticulum

Rough ER
Smooth ER
-ribosome synthesis
-lipid synthesis
 
-detox­ifi­cation

Ribosomes

-read RNA
-synth­esize proteins

Chloro­plasts

-photo­syn­thesis
-thylakoid stacks (green color)
-own DNA and ribosomes

Central vacuole

-H20 regulation
-only plants
 

METABOLISM

 

Redox Reactions

LEO
GER
lose electrons oxidizing
gain electrons reduction

Electron movement

*an electron closer to the nucleus has LESS energy than an electron further from the nucleus

*when an electron moves closer to the nucleus, it gives off small amts of energy
^must be slow steps

Glycolysis -> pyruvate
 

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  • Published: 6th November, 2023

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