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Alberta Chemistry 20
Chemistry 20 AP
Unit 4: Solutions
DefinitionsDissociation | when highly soluble ionic compounds break apart/dissociate into their components in solutions | Dissolving | when the substance doesn't break apart into its components | Ionization | the process by which an atom or molecule acquires a charge by gaining or losing electrons | Electrolyte | the aqueous solution conducts electricity, highly soluble ionic hydroxides (bases) and acids (molecular) | Non-Electrolyte | the aqueous solutions doesn't conduct electricity, most molecular compounds (except acids) |
Bonds & EnergyBreaking bonds absorbs energy & forming new bonds releases energy | Energy is absorbed to break ionic bonds and overcome the intermolecular forces among the water molecules | Energy is released to form bonds between water and ions |
Types of ConcentrationPercent volume by volume (%V/V) | generally when a liquid is dissolved in a liquid | Percent weight by volume (%W/V) | generally when a solid is dissolved in a liquid | Percent weight by weight (%W/W) | generally a solid in solid | Parts per million (ppm) | 1ppm = 1mg/kg (for dilute aqueous solutions, 1ppm = 1mg/1L) | Amount concentration (M) | moles/L |
| | Ion ConcentrationThe dissociation or ionization equations for compounds allows you to determine the amount concentration of either the ions or the compounds in solution | The ion concentration is always equal to a whole number multiple of the compound concentration (the coefficient in the chemical equation) |
SolubilitySaturated: maximum amount of solute dissolved in a solvent as a specific temperature | Unsaturated: solution can dissolve more solute | Super Saturated: can dissolve more with an increase in temperature |
Solubility Variables of GasesTemperature | as temperature increases, the solubility of a gas decreases | Pressure | the solubility of a gas increases as the partial pressure of the gas above a solution increase |
Solubility Variables of Liquids & SolidsTemperature | solubility increases with temperature | Pressure | very little effect on the solubility of liquids and gases |
| | Techniques to Separate SolutionsChromatography: a technique that can be used to separate out, most commonly, different coloured solutes (pigments) in a solutions | Distillation: a technique use to separate solutions of 2 or more liquids by using their differential boiling points | Fractional Distillation: when multiple liquids (fractions) are mixed in a solution or the boiling points are very similar, they use many different condensation plates to condense and re-vaporize to allow a more pure solution to rise through the column |
Dynamic EquilibriumDynamic Equilibrium: both dissolving and crystallizing out of solution are occurring at the same rate which maintains a balance in the solution Beer-Lambert LawBeer-Lambert Law: a linear relationship between the absorbance and the concentration, molar absorption coefficient and optical coefficient of a solution |
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<p><strong> </strong><strong>A</strong><strong> guide to writing an essay in a concise way</strong></p>
<p>Focusing on the pieces of an essay is an essential aspect of achieving a good result for essay writing. The introduction, body, and conclusion are the three sections of most essays. This general guide will provide you in <a href="https://tophomeworkhelper.com/college-essay-help.html"><u>college essay help</u></a>, so that you can <a href="https://assignmenthelp.us/essay-help/write-my-essay.html"><u>write </u><u>my </u><u>essay</u></a> that are straightforward, concise, and helpful to the reader.</p>
<p>The following are the basic steps in writing an essay:</p>
<ol>
<li>Outline your essay</li>
</ol>
<p>A road map for your essay is an essay outline. It will take you to the result. You organize your thoughts on your subject when you outline. First, start at the top of the page with your topic. Then make a list of all the arguments or points you want to make about the essay subject. Finally, make a list of the evidence, examples, and figures that back up your claims.</p>
<ol start="2">
<li>Formulate a Thesis Statement</li>
</ol>
<p>Your thesis statement should tell the reader what argument you are going to make or what question you will answer about the subject. To put it another way, it is a lead-up to your conclusion. A thesis statement should be as concise as possible and focus on a single key point. Strong theses often take a stance or demonstrate a topic's contentiousness.</p>
<ol start="3">
<li>Introduce the topic</li>
</ol>
<p>Your essay's first paragraph will introduce your subject and set the tone for the rest of the paper. The introduction should discuss the essay's main idea, or what it's about, before starting your thesis and supporting points or arguments.</p>
<ol start="4">
<li>Write the essay's main body</li>
</ol>
<p>The essay's body contains information for the points in your introductory paragraph that help your th
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