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Alberta Chemistry 20 Acids & Bases
Properties of Acids
Conducts electricity |
Tastes sour |
Neutralizes bases |
Reacts with metals to form hydrogen gas |
pH between 0-7 |
Corrodes metals |
Strong Acids vs Weak Acids
Reacts completely (>99%) with water to produce a high concentration of hydronium ions |
Reacts incompletely with water (<50%) to form relatively few hydronium ions |
Low pH |
Relatively high pH |
High electrical conductivity |
Relatively low conductivity |
High rate of reaction with metals and carbonates |
Low rate of reaction with active metals and carbonates |
Properties of Bases
Conducts electricity |
Tastes bitter |
Neutralizes acids |
pH between 7-14 |
Dissolves grease |
Feels slippery/soapy |
Strong Bases vs Weak Bases
Dissociates completely (>99%) |
Reacts partially with water (<50%) |
High pH (closer to 14) |
Lower pH (closer to 8) |
Faster reaction rate |
Slower reaction rate |
High conductivity |
Low conductivity |
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Classical Naming of Acids
Ending in -ide |
hydro_____ic acid |
Ending in -ate |
_____ic acid |
Ending in -ite |
_____ous acid |
Classical Naming of Bases
Generally ionic hydroxides |
Use the standard ionic naming (NaOH is sodium hydroxide) |
Bronsted-Lowry Acid-Base Concept
Bronsted-Lowry Acid: a proton donor
Bronsted-Lowry Base: a proton acceptor |
Neutralization
Neutralization: a type of double replacement between an acid and a base
Amphoteric Substances
Amphoteric Substances: substances that can react as an acid or as a base |
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Conjugate Acids & Bases
In a proton transfer reaction at equilibrium, both forward and reverse reactions involve Bronsted-Lowrey acids and bases
Conjugate Acids/Bases: a pair on substances with formulas that differ only by a proton
Monoprotic & Polyprotic Acids
Monoprotic Acids: only have one acidic hydrogen ion in their compound formula and can react only once with water to produce hydronium ions |
- Most strong acids and some weak acids are monoprotic acids |
- Ex. Monoprotic Acids: HCl and HCN |
Polyprotic Acids: contain more than one acidic hydrogen in their compound formula and can react more than once with water |
- Generally weak acids whose reaction with water decreases with each successive step |
- Exception is sulfuric acid because the first reaction is essentially complete |
- Ex. Polyprotic Acid: H3PO4 |
Monoprotic & Polyprotic Bases
Monoprotic Bases: can react with water only once to produce hydroxide ions |
- Ex. CH3COO- |
Polyprotic Bases: weak bases whose reaction with water decreases with each successive step |
- Ex. CO3 2- |
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