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Benedictine Rule
Monasticism: Poverty, Chastity, Obedience |
St. Benedict of Nursia: 6th cent, influential |
Long night office |
7 daily offices |
Social Function: |
3 types recruits: Mature laymen, clerics, noble children |
Most recruits = noble children |
Lay foundations & donations = v important |
Communities of monks needed to perform heavy penances |
Cluny
Peak of Benedictine life |
Abbot Odilo (r. 994-1049) |
respected & powerful |
c.1100 |
diversification of religious orders |
12th & early 13th century |
new orders forming |
Formation of new orders |
protest against old orders |
New Orders
12th century |
Rise of individual spirituality |
Monks unhappy w/ perceived decadence of Benedictines |
New orders: |
Augustinian, Cistercians |
Augustian Canons
Augustine's advice |
Pray together |
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Obedience to superior |
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Hold possessions in common |
Small churches, close to towns |
Augustinian: engaged w/ world |
Benedictine: secluded |
Based life on letter from Augustine to religious women
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Cistercians
Fled from society |
Rigorous life: |
aggressive pursuit of religious ideal |
Return to primitive Benedictine Rule |
Bernard of Clairvaux
1115: |
Cistercian Order expanded. |
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Bernard asked to lead in foundation of Clairvaux monastery. |
Abbot of Clairvaux in mid20s |
High profile |
Enthusiasm & ability |
Drawn into politics, esp. papacy |
Cistercians expanded rapidly: |
Rejected tithes, rents, services, church profits Augustinians relied on |
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Refused: perform masses, confessions, burials |
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Land only for agriculture & full possession |
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Removed selves from towns |
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Conversi (lay brothers) = basis for economy |
20 Aug 1153 |
Bernard died |
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338 Cist abbeys (68 direct foundations of Clairvaux) |
Born 1090. Aristocratic family in Fontaines
Schooled from young age, meant for a clerical career.
Religious Women
Relatively few women religious |
England, 1066: |
13 religious houses for women, 50 for men |
1154: |
60 for women, 500 for men |
Double monasteries |
Groups of nuns w/ groups of monks |
Cistercian efforts to prevent women from joining their Order
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