Definition
anatomy |
study of structure |
physiology |
study of function |
1.2a The Greek and Roman Legacy
Physicians in Mesopotania and Egypt patients with herbal drugs, salts, physical therapy, and faith healing |
Greek physician Hippocrates (c. 460-c. 375 bce.) is considered the "father of medicine" |
He established ethics, the Hippocratic Oath |
He urged physicians to stop attributing disease to the activities of the gods and demons and to seek their natural causes |
Aristotle (384-322 bce) believed that diseases and other natural events could have supernatural causes 'theologi', or natural ones 'physici' |
Claudius Galen (129-c. 200) was a physician to the Roman gladiators and learnt from treating gladiators' wounds |
Galen was limited to dissecting pigs, monkeys, and other animals. He had to guess at much of human anatomy and made some incorrect deductions. |
The Birth of Modern Medicine
In the Middle Ages, the state of medical science varied greatly from one religious culture to another |
Science was severely repressed in the Christian culture of Europe until the sixteenth century |
European professors taught medicine as a dogmatic commentary on Galen and Aristotle, not as a field of original research |
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1.1a Anatomy- the study of form
inspection |
looking at the body, performing physical examination from surface apperance. i.e. touching and listening to the body |
palpation |
feeling a structure with the hands. i.e. taking a pulse |
auscultation |
listening to natural sounds made by the body. i.e. heart and lungs |
percussion |
taps on body, feels for abdominal resistance, listens to emitted sounds for signs of abnormalities. i.e. pockets of fluid and air |
dissection |
cutting, separating tissues to reveal their relationships |
cadaver |
dead human body |
comparative anatomy |
study of multiple species in order to examine similarities and differences |
exploratory surgery |
opening body to see what is wrong |
medical imaging |
methods of viewing inside the body without surgery |
radiology |
branch of medicine concerned with imaging |
gross anatomy |
structure that can be seen with the naked eye- whether by surface observation, radiology, or dissection |
histology (microscopic anatomy) |
microscophic examination of tissues for signs of disease |
cytology |
study of structure and function of individual cells |
ultrastructure |
fine detail, molecular level, revealed by the electron microscope |
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1.1b Physiology- the study of function
comparative physiology |
study of how different species have solved problems of life. i.e. water balance, respiration, and reproduction |
Questions to test understanding
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1. what is the difference between anatomy and physiology? How do these two sciences support each other? |
1.2b The Birth of Modern Medicine: illustrations
1.2b The Birth of Modern Medicine
William Harvey (1578-1657) was remembered for his studies of blood circulation and his book 'On the Motion of the Heart'. He and Michael servetus (1511-53) were the first western scientists to realise that blood must circulate continuously around the body, from the heart to the other organs and back to the heart again. |
Lab and clinical practice from the early ages
physicians tended to be ignorant, infective, and pompous. Their practices were heavily based on expelling imaginary toxins from the body by bleeding their patients or inducing vomiting, sweating, or diarrhea.
They performed operations with filthy hands and instruments, spreading lethal infections from one patient to another, refusing that they were the carriers of disease. Women died of infections acquired during childbirth from their obstetricians. Fractured limbs became gangrenous and had to be amputated, and there was no aesthesia to lessen the pain. Disease was widely attributed to demons and witches, and many people felt they would be interfering with God's will if they tried to treat it. |
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