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Major themes of anatomy and physiology Cheat Sheet (DRAFT) by

Chapter 1: anatomy and physiology: the unity of form and function

This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.

Definition

anatomy
study of structure
physiology
study of function

1.2a The Greek and Roman Legacy

Physicians in Mesopo­tania and Egypt patients with herbal drugs, salts, physical therapy, and faith healing
Greek physician Hippoc­rates (c. 460-c. 375 bce.) is considered the "­father of medici­ne"
He establ­ished ethics, the Hippoc­ratic Oath
He urged physicians to stop attrib­uting disease to the activities of the gods and demons and to seek their natural causes
Aristotle (384-322 bce) believed that diseases and other natural events could have supern­atural causes 'theol­ogi', or natural ones 'physici'
Claudius Galen (129-c. 200) was a physician to the Roman gladiators and learnt from treating gladia­tors' wounds
Galen was limited to dissecting pigs, monkeys, and other animals. He had to guess at much of human anatomy and made some incorrect deduct­ions.

The Birth of Modern Medicine

In the Middle Ages, the state of medical science varied greatly from one religious culture to another
Science was severely repressed in the Christian culture of Europe until the sixteenth century
European professors taught medicine as a dogmatic commentary on Galen and Aristotle, not as a field of original research
 

1.1a Anatomy- the study of form

inspection
looking at the body, performing physical examin­ation from surface apperance. i.e. touching and listening to the body
palpation
feeling a structure with the hands. i.e. taking a pulse
auscul­tation
listening to natural sounds made by the body. i.e. heart and lungs
percussion
taps on body, feels for abdominal resist­ance, listens to emitted sounds for signs of abnorm­ali­ties. i.e. pockets of fluid and air
dissection
cutting, separating tissues to reveal their relati­onships
cadaver
dead human body
compar­ative anatomy
study of multiple species in order to examine simila­rities and differ­ences
explor­atory surgery
opening body to see what is wrong
medical imaging
methods of viewing inside the body without surgery
radiology
branch of medicine concerned with imaging
gross anatomy
structure that can be seen with the naked eye- whether by surface observ­ation, radiology, or dissection
histology (micro­scopic anatomy)
micros­cophic examin­ation of tissues for signs of disease
cytology
study of structure and function of individual cells
ultras­tru­cture
fine detail, molecular level, revealed by the electron microscope
 

1.1b Physio­logy- the study of function

compar­ative physiology
study of how different species have solved problems of life. i.e. water balance, respir­ation, and reprod­uction

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Questions to test unders­tanding

1. what is the difference between anatomy and physio­logy? How do these two sciences support each other?

1.2b The Birth of Modern Medicine: illust­rations

1.2b The Birth of Modern Medicine

William Harvey (1578-­1657) was remembered for his studies of blood circul­ation and his book 'On the Motion of the Heart'. He and Michael servetus (1511-53) were the first western scientists to realise that blood must circulate contin­uously around the body, from the heart to the other organs and back to the heart again.

Lab and clinical practice from the early ages

physicians tended to be ignorant, infective, and pompous. Their practices were heavily based on expelling imaginary toxins from the body by bleeding their patients or inducing vomiting, sweating, or diarrhea.

They performed operations with filthy hands and instru­ments, spreading lethal infections from one patient to another, refusing that they were the carriers of disease. Women died of infections acquired during childbirth from their obstet­ric­ians. Fractured limbs became gangrenous and had to be amputated, and there was no aesthesia to lessen the pain. Disease was widely attributed to demons and witches, and many people felt they would be interf­ering with God's will if they tried to treat it.