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Bone, Joints, and Bone growth
7 Functions of Bones
Support |
Bones provide Framework that supports the body and cradles its soft organs |
Protection |
Fused bones of the skull protect the brain |
Anchorage |
Skeletal muscles which attach to bones by tendons use bones as levers to move |
Mineral Storage |
Bone stores calcium and phosphate |
Blood cell formation |
Hematopoiesis occurs in the red marrow of certain bones |
Fat storage |
A source of energy for the body. Is stored as yellow marrow in cavities of long bone |
Hormone production (osteocalcin) |
Hormone that helps to regulate insulin secretion, glucose homeostasis and energy expenditure |
Types of bone cells and their derivation
Osteoprogenitor Cells |
Stem cells. |
Osteoblasts |
Matrix synthesizing cell. Responsible for bone growth |
Osteocyte |
mature bone cell. Monitors and maintains the mineralized bone matrix |
osteoclast |
Bone-resorbing cell |
Types of Bone Fractures
Comminuted |
Compression |
Bone fragments into three or more pieces |
Bone is crushed |
Spiral |
Epiphyseal |
Ragged break occurs when excessive twisting force are applied |
separates from the diaphysis along the spiphyseal plate |
Depression |
Greenstick |
Broken bone portion is pressed inward |
Bone break is incomplete, much in the way a green twig breaks |
Classification of Joints
Fibrous |
Cartilaginous |
synovial |
Adjoining bones united by collagen fibers. Suture (short fibers)- immobile Syndesomosis (long fibers) slightly movable and immobile |
Adjoining bone nited by cartilage: Syncondrosis (hyaline) immobile Symphysis (fibrocartilage) Slightly movable |
Adjoingin bone covered with articular cartilage. Areas: Plane, hinge, Pivot, condylar, saddle, ball and socket |
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Axial Skeleton Vs. Appendicular Skeleton
Axial |
Appendicular Skeleton |
Long axis of the body and includes the bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage |
Bones of the upper and lower limbs and the girdles |
Compact and Spongy Bone
compact Bone |
External layer of the bone, is dense and looks smooth and solid to the naked eye |
Spongy bone |
Honeycomb like structure inside of compact bone that is called trabeculae and its filled with red and yellow marrow |
Part of Long bone Explination
Epiphelysis is another name for the bone end of the long bone. When someone is growing, their Epiphyseal plate works to extend the bone. (this mostly happens in adolescent years). When someone gets to the age where this stops, the epiphyseal line forms which is basically the remnant of the epiphyseal plate |
Chemical Composition of Bone
Organic Components |
Inorganic components |
Bone cells and osteoid- allow it to resist tension (stretch) |
Mineral salts- allow to resist compression |
Postnatal Bone Growth
1) Resting Zone 2) Proliferation Zone: cartilage cells undergo mitosis 3) Hypertrophic Zone: Older cartilage cells enlarge 4) Calcification Zone: Matrix becomes calcified; cartilage cells die; matrix begins deteriorating 5) Ossification Zone: New bone is forming |
Fibrous Joints
Suture |
Sundesmosis |
Gomphosis |
Joint held together with very short, interconnecting fivers |
joint held together by a ligament. Fibrous tissue can vary in length but is longer than in suture |
peg in socket fibrous joint |
range of motions allowed by Synovial joint
Nonaxial movement: Gliding uniaxial movement ( movement in one lace) Biaxial movement (movement in two lanes. multiracial (movement in or around all three places space and axes |
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Long Bone
Structure of long bone |
Shaft, bone ends, membranes |
Diaphysis |
Shaft: forms the long axis of the bone that surrounds the medullary cavity, which contains no bone tissue, but yellow bone marrow |
Epiphyses |
The bone ends: outer shell of compact bone that forms the epiphysis exterior and the interior contains spongy bone. Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covers the joint surface which cushions opposite ends of the bones |
Membranes |
Periosteum. covers the external surface of the bone and contains lots of nerve vessels which why it makes breaking a bone so painful |
Endosteum |
covers the internal bone surface. it covers the trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the canals that pass through the compact bone |
Nutrient Foramen |
Nutrient artery runs inward to supply the bone marrow and the spongy bone |
Bone Growth
Endochondral ossification |
Intramembranous ossification |
bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage which leads to endochondral bone |
a bone develops from a fibrous membrane and theh bone is called a membranous bone |
How the bone Grows Fetus to adolescence
1) Bone collar forms around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage model 2) Cartilage calcifies in the Center of the diaphysis and then develops cavities 3) the periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone forms 4) The diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms. Secondary ossification centers appears in the epiphyses 5) The epiphyses ossify when ossification is complete, hyaline cartilage remains only in teh epiphyses plates and articular cartilage |
Synovial Joint
articular cartilage |
glassy smooth hyaline cartilage covers the opposing bone surface |
Joint cavity |
contains a small amount of synovial fluid |
Articular capsule |
enclosed by a two layered joint capsule. A tough external fibrous slayer composed of dense irregular connective tissue that is continuous with the periostea of the articulating bone |
reinforcing ligaments |
reinforced and strengthen by a number of sandlike ligaments. |
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