Survivorship
Type 1: individuals live out life span, die old |
Type 2: individuals die at constant rate (birds, rodents) |
Type 3: individuals die early in life (fish, invertebrates) |
Ecosystem Stability
Biological Diversity: stabilize ecosystem function in the face of environmental fluctuation |
Variation among species: in response to fluctuation is an essential requirement for ecosystem stability |
Climate change and other anthropogenic environmental changes: continue to cause biodiversity loss |
Cardio Disorders
Congestive Heart Failure |
heart cannot pump enough blood, rapid breath/heartbeat, fatigue, systolic/diastolic dysfunction |
Atrial Fibrillation |
arrhythmia(abnormal heartbeat), 400 bpm in upper chambers, poor blood flow, upper and lower chambers have no coordination, palpitations, shortness of breath, fatigue |
Myocardial Infarction |
decreased of blood flow to myocardium, blood clot blocks blood, pain in chest/neck/back/arms, fatigue, abnormal heartbeat, lack of oxygen supply |
Atherosclerosis |
thickening of arteries because of plaque in inner lining of artery, obstruction of blood flow, no symptoms until plaque ruptures or blood flow is blocked |
Bradycardia |
slower than normal heartbeat (40-60), fainting, dizziness, memory problems, fatigued easily, hypothyroidism, caused by heart tissue damaging due to age, transmitted to atria, obstructive sleep apnea |
Tachycardia |
heart rate over 100bpm, arrhythmias can cause tachycardia, atrial flutter/SVT/Ventricular/Ventricular Fibrillation, shortness of breath, palpitations, chest pain, hyperthyroidism |
Microcytic anemia |
presence of small, hypochromic(less color), RBC in peripheral blood smears, causes include iron deficiency |
Normocytic anemia |
RBC are same size and color (normochromic, causes include heavy menstrual bleeding, chronic bleeding |
Macrocytic anemia |
bone marrow produces large RBC, causes include alcohol, hypothyroidism, deficiencies in B12 and folate |
Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection |
bloodstream infection not related to infection at another place within 48 hours |
Hypotension |
Low blood pressure happens when BP is much lower, fainting or dizziness, brain doesn’t receive enough blood |
Hypertension |
Pressure in blood vessels is too high, headaches, chest pain, dizziness, difficulty breathing, nausea, blurred vision |
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm |
swelling in aorta, life-threatening if ruptures, common in older men and smokers |
Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm |
weakened aorta, causes include necrosis(breaking down of tissue inside of aortic wall), difficulty breathing, low BP, pain in chest or jaw, trouble swallowing |
Aortic Dissection |
tear in inner layer of aorta, older men, chest or back pain, unconsciousness, shortness of breath, may be inherited, constant high BP could also weaken aortic wall |
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Types of Competition
Intraspecific: competition between same species |
Interspecfic: competition between different species |
Competitive exclusion: one niche-one species, no two species can have the same niche |
Resource partitioning: resources are divided, different species can use resources in different times, areas, and ways |
Types of Pollution
Organic: decomp of living things and their bi-products |
Inorganic: dissolved and suspended solids (salts, minerals) |
Toxic: heavy metals and other chemical compounds that are lethal to organisms |
Thermal: waste heat from industrial and power generation processes |
Ecological Succession
Primary: barren ground (new islands) |
Secondary: disturbed areas (abandoned farm lands) |
Pioneer community: first organisms to occupy area |
Climax communities: stable array of species in equilibrium |
Taiga
Thick forests that contain coniferous (spruce, pine, fir) trees |
Trees have needles instead of leaves, seeds grow inside protective cones |
Winters are long, cold, days are short, persistent snowpack |
Summers are short, moist, and cool |
Growing seasons have long days, lasts about 3 months |
Moderate to high precipitation, 40-100mm |
More coniferous than deciduous |
Moderate reproductive rates |
Soil is spodosal |
Moose, reindeer, birds, wolves, migratory birds often mate during summer |
Taiga animals have thick fur because of temperature |
Coniferous trees can photosynthesize in cold conditions |
Critical Carbon Sink |
Predators regulate the grounds |
Place for reproduction to occur |
EKG Patterns
Pulse Electrical Activity |
heart stops because electrical activity in heart is too weak, nonshockable heart rhythm, sinus rhythm, A Fib, bundle branch blocks, idioventricular rhythms |
Ventricular Tachycardia |
fast arrhythmia, problem with electrical impulses, chest pain, fainting, dizziness, shortness of breath |
Torsades de pointes |
type of VT that starts in ventricles, lower chambers beat faster than upper chambers |
Premature Ventricular Contractions |
extra heartbeats that starts in ventricles, fluttering or skipped beat in chest, occur spontaneously |
Supraventricular Tachycardia |
fast arrhythmia that affects upper chambers, palpitations, heart suddenly beats faster, |
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Energy Transfer
Conduction |
transfer by direct contact |
Radiation |
transfer of heat energy by electromagnetic radiation |
Circulation |
transfer of heat energy as result of insulation |
Convection |
transfer of heat by fluid or air |
Negative Feedback |
circular chain of events that opposes change |
Tundra
Cold, treeless regions found in Arctic and tops of mountains |
Windy, 150mm-250mm of precipitation |
Summer brings wildflowers |
Soil is permafrost, thin surface layer for thawed soil in summer |
Most plants are low growing plants |
Low reproductive rates, slow growth rates, small offspring |
Short growing season |
Considered desert |
Average temperatures below freezing for 6-10 months |
6-10 weeks are warm, and long growing days |
Threatened by people who want to drill for oil |
Might be shrubs and dwarf trees |
Shallow root systems |
Reproduce quickly in summer |
Caribou, Arctic foxes, migratory birds |
Large herbivores migrate seasonally |
Birds breed in summer |
Dark pigment and thick fur |
Thawing permafrost could release greenhouse gases |
Breeding grounds |
Deciduous Forests
Trees that lose their leaves at end of each growing season |
Most trees are broadleaf |
Summers are mild, winters are cold |
750-1500mm of precipitation |
4-6 month growing seasons |
4 distinct seasons |
Moderate temperatures and moderate precipitation |
Shrubs and ferns, biodiversity is a lot |
Lots of wildlife, hibernate to get through seasons |
Trees shed leaves to save energy and water |
Vital role in carbon cycling and oxygen production |
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