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ap bio unit 3 cell communication
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Homeostasis |
set of conditions under which living things can successfully survive |
Negative feedback/feedback inhibition |
turning itself off using the end product of the pathway. |
positive feedback |
further stimulates the pathway, for example more and more X is made |
The Cell Cycle
G0 |
temporarily nondividing until they get a signal to reenter the normal cell cycle. |
Interphase (G1, S, G2) |
not yet started to divide, regular activities |
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S phase: replicates its genetic material, single chromosome in the nucleus is duplicated. sister chromatids held by centromere. |
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G1 and G2: growth, performs metabolic reactions and produces organelles, proteins, and enzymes. |
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These three phases are highly regulated by checkpoints and special proteins called cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). To induce cell cycle progression, an inactive CDK binds a regulatory cyclin, the complex is activated, the cell cycle continues. To inhibit cell cycle progression, CDKs and cyclins are kept separate. |
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losing control of the cell cycle, such as mutation in a protein, may cause cancer. Mutated genes that induce cancer are called oncogenes. |
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Tumor suppressor genes produce proteins that prevent the conversion of normal cells into cancer cells, also can trigger apoptosis. |
Mitosis |
cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells + maintaining the proper number of chromosomes from generation to generation |
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1. Prophase: chromatin condenses |
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2. Metaphase: chromosomes align in the middle. |
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3. Anaphase: chromatids are pulled apart. |
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4. Telophase: the cell completes splitting in two. cytokinesis：split along a cleavage furrow（animal)/ cell plate (plant) |
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* Mitosis is involved in growth, repair, and asexual reproduction, so not happen in sex cell. |
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Cell Communication in plants
plants do not have a nervous system but can produce several proteins found in animal nervous systems, such as certain neurotransmitter receptors. |
response to environmental stimuli, link environmental cues to biological processes, communicate with nearby plants. |
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