The Cell Theory
1. All Organisms are composed of one or more cells. |
2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organisation in organisms. |
3. All cells come from preexisting cells. |
Membranes
Permeable Membrane: |
A membrane that lets everything through |
Semipermeable Membrane: |
A membrane that lets some/certain thing [materials] through |
Impermeable Membrane: |
A membrane that does not let things [materials] through |
Cytoplasm
Where cellular reactions take place |
Has a thick jelly-like structure |
Allows protein respiration in the [Mitochondria] |
Where Mitosis and Meiosis occurs |
Cell Wall
Porus to let things through |
Rigid (100x thicker than the cell membrane) |
Maintains shape and protects cells |
Attaches to other cell walls to form strong structures (plants need to be strong but don't have skeletons) |
Golgi Body
Golgi apparatus |
Port of the cell |
Where items are collected, packed and exported |
Receives proteins from the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum [rER] |
Modifies proteins by adding lipids or carbs or by changing shapes |
Sends proteins to damaged cell parts for recovery |
Cell Structure Of A Leaf
The lamella is the broad flat surface of a leaf. [The large surface area allows for maximum absorption of light.] The thin lamella also allows for light to get to deeper portions of the leaves. |
Thin cells in the upper epidermis allow sunlight to reach the mesophyll |
Palisade cells are packed with Chloroplasts. Have large vacuoles or stores. |
The spongy mesophyll have large air spaces between it's cells for gaseous exchange |
Xylem vessels start a series of plant cells. At a certain point the carbohydrate lignin forms within the cell walls. Lignin in impermeable. Living contents of the cell die; The end walls between the cells break down. Continuous tubes are formed. |
Tissues
Group of cells with a common function. |
Note: Cells (similar) to tissues to organs to organ systems to organisms |
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Mitochondria
The powerhouse of the cell |
Provides energy to all parts of the cell |
Where cellular respiration takes place |
[Glucose+O2=ATP+CO2] transports to other cells |
Cytoskeleton
Skeleton of the cell |
Some cells can move using: |
Flagella: a few long whip-like structures outside the cells |
Cillia: Hundreds of short hairlike structures outside the cells |
Cytoskeleton
Skeleton of the cell |
Some cells can move using: |
Mitochondria
The powerhouse of the cell |
Provides energy to all parts of the cell |
Where cellular respiration takes place |
[Glucose+O2=ATP+CO2] transports to other cells |
Nucleus
Controls the cell |
Is the brain of the cell |
Contains DNA/Genetic Material |
Cell Membrane
Protective outer boundary of the cell. |
Allows materials like water and oxygen, does not allow harmful materials like carbon dioxide and waste products. |
Is permeable |
Reproduction/Stem Cells
Egg cell + sperm cells = zygote (totipotent stem cells that divide and re-divide) |
Zygote - Embryo (the embryo can either divide, resulting in growth, or it can differentiate to different parts of the body. |
Embryonic Stem Cells: Puripotent (can be specialised into any different type of cell) |
Adult stem cells - Multipotent (they give rise to the same type of cells, like stem cells) |
In Leukemia abnormal white blood cells divide and re-divide to form a mass of cell tumour which block blood vessels |
Hemapoetic - Blood forming cells |
Xylem And Phloem
Xylem: |
Transports water from the roots to the leaves. Xylem has two main types of tissues. Hexagonal shapes. |
Phloem: |
Transports manufactured food from the leaves to other parts of the plant. Circular shapes. |
Both: |
Xylem and phloem are transport systems in vascular plants |
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum [sER]
Does not contain ribosomes |
Does not contain proteins |
Produces lipids, cholesterol, etc. |
Breaks down toxic substances via detoxification |
Lysosomes
Digestive part of the cell |
Has digestive enzymes |
Converts carbohydrates to glucose and proteins to amino acids |
Vacuoles
Storage house of the cell |
Stores water, food, minerals, nutrients and waste products |
Plants have one |
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum [rER]
Contains ribosomes |
Contains proteins |
Pack/enclose proteins in vesicles |
Transport substances within the cell |
Ribosomes
Float in the cytoplasm |
Makes proteins |
Prokaryote & Eukaryote Cells
Prokaryote Cells: |
Pro stands for before, Karoyote stands for nucleus. Oldest cell type, small and simple, lack nucleus and organelles, single-celled, single circular chromosone. Membrane bound organelles like mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi body are absent. 70s Ribosomes. Pili present. |
Both: |
Have DNA, have ribosomes, have cytomplasms, have a plasma membrane, brane present |
Eukaryote Cells |
Eu stands for true, Karyote stands for nucleus (karyon). Evolved from prokaryotes, larger and more complex, contain nucleus and organelles, multicellular, multiple linear chromosones |
Pits
Regions where Lignin is not deposited |
Plant Cells vs Animal Cells
Plant Cells: |
Having cell wall outside of the cell membrane, large fluid-filled vacuole. Have chloroplasts |
Animal Cells: |
Have cytoplasms, have nucleus, have cell membrane, lack vacuoles or only have a few in liver cells |
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