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  /Title (biology-unit-2-cells.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (-n-e-v-a-e-h- (-n-e-v-a-e-h-))
  /Subject (Biology Unit 2: Cells Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Biology Unit 2: Cells Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{-n-e-v-a-e-h- (-n-e-v-a-e-h-)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/162528/cs/37941/}}}
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  \vspace{-2pt}-n-e-v-a-e-h- (-n-e-v-a-e-h-) \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 30th March, 2023.\\
   Updated 30th March, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Cell Theory}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1. All Organisms are composed of one or more cells.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organisation in organisms.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{3. All cells come from preexisting cells.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.84149 cm} x{3.13551 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Membranes}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Permeable Membrane: & A membrane that lets everything through \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Semipermeable Membrane: & A membrane that lets some/certain thing {[}materials{]} through \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
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Impermeable Membrane: & A membrane that does not let things {[}materials{]} through \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cytoplasm}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Where cellular reactions take place} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Has a thick jelly-like structure} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Allows protein respiration in the {[}Mitochondria{]}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Where Mitosis and Meiosis occurs} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cell Wall}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Porus to let things through} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Rigid (100x thicker than the cell membrane)} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Maintains shape and protects cells} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Attaches to other cell walls to form strong structures (plants need to be strong but don't have skeletons)} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Golgi Body}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Golgi apparatus} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Port of the cell} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Where items are collected, packed and exported} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Receives proteins from the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum {[}rER{]}} \tn 
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Modifies proteins by adding lipids or carbs or by changing shapes} \tn 
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% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Sends proteins to damaged cell parts for recovery} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cell Structure Of A Leaf}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The lamella is the broad flat surface of a leaf. {[}The large surface area allows for maximum absorption of light.{]} The thin lamella also allows for light to get to deeper portions of the leaves.} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Thin cells in the upper epidermis allow sunlight to reach the mesophyll} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Palisade cells are packed with Chloroplasts. Have large vacuoles or stores.} \tn 
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The spongy mesophyll have large air spaces between it's cells for gaseous exchange} \tn 
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Xylem vessels start a series of plant cells. At a certain point the carbohydrate lignin forms within the cell walls. Lignin in impermeable. Living contents of the cell die; The end walls between the cells break down. Continuous tubes are formed.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 5)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Group of cells with a common function.} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Note: Cells (similar) to tissues to organs to organ systems to organisms} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mitochondria}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The powerhouse of the cell} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Provides energy to all parts of the cell} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Where cellular respiration takes place} \tn 
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{[}Glucose+O2=ATP+CO2{]} transports to other cells} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Skeleton of the cell} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Some cells can move using:} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Flagella: a few long whip-like structures outside the cells} \tn 
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Cillia: Hundreds of short hairlike structures outside the cells} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Skeleton of the cell} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Some cells can move using:} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mitochondria}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The powerhouse of the cell} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Provides energy to all parts of the cell} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Where cellular respiration takes place} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{[}Glucose+O2=ATP+CO2{]} transports to other cells} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nucleus}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Controls the cell} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Is the brain of the cell} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Contains DNA/Genetic Material} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cell Membrane}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Protective outer boundary of the cell.} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Allows materials like water and oxygen, does not allow harmful materials like carbon dioxide and waste products.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Is permeable} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Reproduction/Stem Cells}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Egg cell + sperm cells = zygote (totipotent stem cells that divide and re-divide)} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Zygote - Embryo (the embryo can either divide, resulting in growth, or it can differentiate to different parts of the body.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Embryonic Stem Cells: Puripotent (can be specialised into any different type of cell)} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Adult stem cells - Multipotent (they give rise to the same type of cells, like stem cells)} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{In Leukemia abnormal white blood cells divide and re-divide to form a mass of cell tumour which block blood vessels} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Hemapoetic - Blood forming cells} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Xylem And Phloem}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\seqsplit{Xylem:} & Transports water from the roots to the leaves. Xylem has two main types of tissues. Hexagonal shapes. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
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\seqsplit{Phloem:} & Transports manufactured food from the leaves to other parts of the plant. Circular shapes. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
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Both: & Xylem and phloem are transport systems in vascular plants \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum {[}sER{]}}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Does not contain ribosomes} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Does not contain proteins} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Produces lipids, cholesterol, etc.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Breaks down toxic substances via detoxification} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Lysosomes}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Digestive part of the cell} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Has digestive enzymes} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Converts carbohydrates to glucose and proteins to amino acids} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Vacuoles}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Storage house of the cell} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Stores water, food, minerals, nutrients and waste products} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Plants have one} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum {[}rER{]}}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Contains ribosomes} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Contains proteins} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Pack/enclose proteins in vesicles} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Transport substances within the cell} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ribosomes}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Float in the cytoplasm} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Makes proteins} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Osmosis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Diffusion of/for water} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.4931 cm} x{3.4839 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Prokaryote \& Eukaryote Cells}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Prokaryote Cells: & Pro stands for before, Karoyote stands for nucleus. Oldest cell type, small and simple, lack nucleus and organelles, single-celled, single circular chromosone. Membrane bound organelles like mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi body are absent. 70s Ribosomes. Pili present. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Both: & Have DNA, have ribosomes, have cytomplasms, have a plasma membrane, brane present \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Eukaryote Cells & Eu stands for true, Karyote stands for nucleus (karyon). Evolved from prokaryotes, larger and more complex, contain nucleus and organelles, multicellular, multiple linear chromosones \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Pits}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Regions where Lignin is not deposited} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.24425 cm} x{3.73275 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Plant Cells vs Animal Cells}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Plant Cells: & Having cell wall outside of the cell membrane, large fluid-filled vacuole. Have chloroplasts \tn 
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Animal Cells: & Have cytoplasms, have nucleus, have cell membrane, lack vacuoles or only have a few in liver cells \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}