Demonstrative
bu بۇ |
this |
u ئۇ |
that |
shu شۇ |
that |
awu ئاۋۇ |
that (further) |
ashu ئاشۇ |
that (further) |
Interrogative
néme? |
what |
kim? |
who |
néde / nége? |
where / where to |
qaysi? |
which |
némshke? |
why |
qanche / neche? |
how much |
sa'et qanchide? |
at what time |
qandak? |
how |
...chu? |
how about... |
...mu? |
whether or not |
(...mu) |
(also) |
Interrogative construction: Verb Stem+Am+Tense+Conjugation (e.g., baramsiz)
Negative construction: Stem+mA+Tense+Conjugation
Adverbs & Conjunctions
xéli, bek, nahayiti, eng |
degree verbs |
anche ... emes |
not too ... |
lékin, biraq, emma |
but |
yene (bit qétim) |
(once) again |
we/hem, bilen |
and, with |
bashqa, burun, kéyin |
around, before, after |
kéchide/kéche, axsham |
At night, last night |
Pronunciation Rules
Vowel harmony |
A (a/e), I (i/u/ü) |
Vowel reduction |
A (a/e) > I |
Vowel rounding |
Rounded (o, u, ü, ö), Unrounded (a, i, e, é) |
Consonant harmony |
D (d/t), G (gh/q/g/k), K (k/q) |
Backness |
Front (ü, ö, e | k, g), Back (u, o, a | q, gh) |
Stress |
on the first closed syllable |
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Personal, conjugation, possessive
Men (V-men | N-m) |
I |
Sen (-sen | -ng) |
you (informal) |
Siz (-siz | -ngiz) |
you (formal) |
U (-du | -si) |
she/he/it |
Biz (-miz | -miz) |
we |
Silar (-silar | -nglar) |
y'all |
Ular (-du | -si) |
they |
Verb Tense
Present future |
Stem+i+Conjugate |
Present progressive |
Stem+iwati+Conjugate |
Infinitive |
Stem+maq |
Gerund |
Stem+ish |
e.g., qilisiz, qiliwatisiz
Case Suffixes
+DA (te/de/ta/da) |
Locative (where) |
+GA (gha/qa/ge/ke) |
Dative (toward) |
+ni |
Genetive (of.../obj) |
+Din (din/tin) |
Dative (from) |
+Giche (ghiche/giche) |
Dative (up until) |
+Lik (liq/lik/luq/lük) |
Adjective suffix |
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