Network CommandsCommand | Description | Parameter/Usage | wget | Downloads something from a web address | ssh | Remote login or command run | "ssh username@server" | scp, sftp | Remote file copy | openssl | For generating stuff for encryption | ssh-keygen | For generating public/private key pairs | dnf | Package manager for Fedora. Use it to download, update, and install all sorts of software | ifconfig | Use without parameters to get general info on network connections. Also used for assigning IP addresses and setting up networking config stuff for interface devices | netmask | Used for setting network submask | route | For adding entries to a routing table | netstat | For displaying network info | ip | For Internet Protocol activities | traceroute | Given an address, will identify all of the places your packets travel to to get to that address | ping | Sends packets to an IP, seeing how long it takes to get a response | dig | Queries DNS servers to get info on a domain |
System & Disk CommandsCommand | Description | Parameters | du | Disk usage; shows disk usage of files in directory | h: human readable. a: all files, not just directories | free | Shows amount of free & and used memory in system | df | Report on file system & disk space usage | lsblk | Report info about block devices | fdisk | Manipulate disk partioning | l: list disks | Uname | Print system information | export | For setting an environment variable | unmount | Unmounts the specified disk | eject | Ejects the specified disk |
Common CommandsName | Description | Parameters/Notes | ls | list everything in given directory (default is present dir) | l: long, more detailed view. a: show all, even hidden files/directories | cd | navigate to another directory | pwd | Present Working Directory; shows current directory | cp | Copy a file from one place to another | rm | Remove a file or directory | f: force remove, ignoring warnings/anything. r: recursive; use this to delete directories | mv | Moves a file | Can be used to rename files, by 'moving' a file to the same directory, with a different name | rmdir | Removes a directory | mkdir | Creates a directory | -p to make parents; can build a chain of non-existent directories all at once | touch | Updates a file's last-edited date. | Can be used to create files- it will create a file if the given file does not exist | history | lists history of previous commands | man | Lists manual page for a given command, that'll tell you alllll about what a command can do and how to use it | reboot | Reboots the machine |
| | DirectoriesDirectory | Description | /etc | All sorts of system-wide configuration stuff | /proc/cpuinfo | CPU info | /etc/passwd | User account info | /etc/group | Group info | /etc/shadow | Where passwords are actually kept | /etc/skel | Skeleton, template home directory for copying to make new home directories | /etc/systemd/system | Daemon config file / setup stuff | /etc/syslog.conf | Configuration for syslog logging daemon | /var/log | Where logs are kept | /etc/hosts | Configuration for network hosts | /etc/networks | Configuration for networks |
Process CommandsCommand | Description | Parameters/Usage | top | Displays and updates lots of info on running processes | prestres | Displays current running processes as a tree | fg | Foreground; resume a suspended process or bring one back from the foreground | fg %[job number] or fg [process ID] | bg | Background; puts a process into the background | Note: if you want to put a currently running command in the background, use CTRL+Z, and then fg & bg | kill | Kills a command in the background |
Automation and DaemonsCommand | Description | Parameters | systemctl | Managing systems/services, in particular daemons | journalctl | part of systemd, can be used to see logging/errors for daemons | crontab | Used for setting up automated running of commands / scripts at certain dates or intervals via cron | at | For scheduling a command to run just once | atq | Lists commands in the queue that have been scheduled to run | atrm | Remove a command from the queue | test | For checking files and values; any yes/no question about our system |
Input / Reading CommandsCommand | Description | Parameters | locate | For searching for files | find | For searching for files | less | Text viewer for viewing large files | nano | Good, simple text editor | vim | Complex, powerful text editor | vimtutor | Used for learning vim | cat | Concatenate files and print them to stdout | echo | Echoes whatever it is given; useful for sending text somewhere | head | Read first few lines of a file and print them to stdout | n: number of lines to read | tail | Read last few lines of a file and print them to stdout | n: number of lines to read | awk | Used for viewing files in complex ways, like looping through a file and only looking at certain patterns and columns/rows in a file | dd | Reads bytes from a location |
| | Groups, Users, and Permissions oh myCommand | Description | Parameters | passwd | For changing and setting passwords | useradd | For adding a new user | su | Switch user | usermod | Modify a user account | chown | For changing ownership of a file / directory | chmod | For changing permissions of a file / directory | groupadd | Add a group |
Syntax & JargonSymbol / Term | Description | stdin | Standard input; the input a command is looking to for what it should work with. Generally comes from keyboard; could be a file or something else, if we redirect stuff | stdout | Standard output; typically is the console. Can be changed to a file or something if we redirect it. | stderr | Standard error; where errors are printed to. | | | Pipe. Used to send output of one command directly to another like, "history | less" | > | Send output of command somewhere. | >> | Append output somewhere. | >& or &> | Send stdout and stderr somewhere | 2> | Send just stderr somewhere | 1> | Send just stdout somewhere | & | Put at the end of a command to run it in the background, immediately returning console to you. | $ | When on prompt, means that you're a regular user | # | When on prompt, means that you're the root user | ? | Wildcard character - when a command receives '?' in its input, it will take that mean to any single character | * | Wildcard for any number of characters. I.e. "*.txt" would refer to any thing/file ending in ".txt" | [abc] | Wildcard for given characters (here, a, b, or c). Can also define a range, i.e. [1-3] | CTRL+U | Delete current line | CTRL+C | Abort whatever's currently running | CTRL+Z | Suspend whatever's currently running |
Miscellaneous CommandsCommand | Description | Parameters | yes | Spams a string until forcibly stopped | sudo | Runs the given command as root | shutdown | Shuts down system | "shutdown now" to do it now | halt | Shuts down system | p: needed on most systems to power down hardware | reboot | Same as halt but reboots | which | Finds if a command exists and where it is | whereis | Like which but searches a broader area than just your shell's search path | sort | Sorts text | r: reverses sort order. h: for sorting human-readable byte counts | ln | Used for creating links between files; shortcuts basically | chsh | Change shell | stty | Setting key commands (like backspace to delete) | (Use "stty sane" to unbork a borked shell) | clear | Clears terminal of text | script | Saves everything that comes up in your console, until exit is called |
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