The Contemporary World Cheat Sheet by veirra

Anthony Giddens
- The "­int­ens­ifi­cation of worldwide social relations which link distant locali­tites in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occcuring many miles away and vice versa."­ (1990:64)

Robertson
- Defines global­ization as a concept that "­refers both the compre­ssion of the world and the intens­ifi­cation of consci­ousness of the world as a whole.." (1992:8)

David Harvey (1989)
- Introduced global­ization as the compre­ssion of time and space and the annihi­ation of distance.

Intern­ati­ona­liation and multin­ati­ona­liz­ation are phases that precede global­iza­tion.

Global­ization marks the increasing irrele­vance of the nation­-state, whose status as the dominant political organi­zation was acknow­ledged by the Treaty of Westph­alia.

1. The neoliberal regime is contem­por­arily used to refer to market­-or­iented reform policies such as "­eli­min­ating price controls, deregu­lating capital markets, lowering trade barrie­rs" and reducing state influence in the economy, especially through privat­ization and austerity.

2. The reduction of tariffs - Tariffs (imposed by the bureau of customs) are considered econom­ically ineffi­cient because they make imports less compet­itive than domest­ically produced goods, which can result in more expensive products for consumers. The creation of transn­ational corpor­ations.

3. The improv­ement of multil­ateral trade organi­zations - having several or many ides; many-s­ided. Partic­ipated in by many more than two nations, parties, etc.; multip­artite: multil­ateral agreements on disarm­ament.

Steger (2005) explains that global­ization has been commonly understood as a process, condition, or an ideology.

1. Global­ization as a process
- It is viewed as a multid­ime­nsional set of social processes that generate and increase "­wor­ldw­ide­" social interd­epe­nde­ncies and exchanges while at the same time fostering in people a growing awareness of deepening connec­tions between the local and the distan­t" (Steger, 2005:13).

2. Global­ization as a condition
- It refers to globality as a social condition charac­terized by trans-­pla­netary connec­tivity and supra-­ter­rit­ori­ality. Transp­lanetry relations, globality is about the establ­isment of social links between people located at different places of our planet.

- Global­ization as a social condition is charac­terized by thick economic, political, and cultural interc­onn­ections and global flows that render poltical borders and economic barriers irrelevant (Stege­r,2­008).

Supra-­ter­rit­orial relations are "­social connec­tions that transcent territ­orial geogra­phy­". (ex. European Union)

3. Global­ization as an ideology
- Steger explains that global­ization exists in people's consci­ousness because it consists of a set of coherent and comple­mentary ideas and beliefs about the global order.

- Global­ization is a political belief system that benefits a certain class.


Six core claims of global­ization as an ideology

1. Global­ization is abouth the libera­liz­ation and global integr­ation of markets.

2. Global­ization is inevitable and irreve­rsible.

3. Nobody is in charge of global­iza­tion.

4. Global­ization benefits everyone in the long run.

5. Global­ization furthers the spread of democracy in the world.

6. Global­ization requires a global war on terror.