vision - ot exam Cheat Sheet (DRAFT) by ts3414

hyperopia

farsig­hte­dness

cataracts

clouding of the lens - often due to age

macular degene­ration

central vision is gone

homonymous hemian­opsia

Loss of vision in half of the visual field. Vision is lost in the same half of each eye, while vision is retained in the opposite half of each eye. Loss of visual field is on the same side as physical impair­ments, such as hemipa­resis.

contrast sensit­ivity - decreased

decrease in contrast sensit­ivity function can lead to a loss of spatial awareness and mobility and increase the risk of injuries.

hyperopia

correc­table with glasse­s/l­enses

cataracts

managed with adapta­tions including glasses, magnif­iers, and bright lighting. Advancing cataracts that limit functional vision must be removed surgic­ally.

macular degene­ration

compensate for central vision loss by turning the head and body to use peripheral vision using another, unaffected point on the retina. Called Eccentric Viewing Techniques or Pseudo Fovea training. Other treatments include Amsler Grid training, device training to compensate for visual acuity, enviro­nmental modifi­cat­ions, and patient education. Support groups help with adjust­ment.

homonymous hemian­opsia

compen­sation techni­ques.

contrast sensit­ivity - decreased

Reduced contrast sensit­ivity may affect the ability to walk down steps, recognize faces, drive at night or in the rain, find a telephone number in a directory, read instru­ctions on a medicine container or navigate safely through unfamiliar enviro­nments. Reading is also compro­mised, for example letters may be almost invisible if the print is too light. Enviro­nmental modifi­cat­ions, such as high contrast colors or strips on the first and last steps of stairc­ases, contra­sting colors on door frames and the use of contrast on electrical outlets, can all improve patient safety. Decreased contrast sensit­ivity function is associated with ocular pathol­ogical conditions such as a cataract, age-re­lated macular degene­ration, diabetic retino­pathy, glaucoma and optic nerve degene­rat­ions.

low vision

-Increase the level of lighting in areas where activities will occur. -Use adjustable window treatments (curtains, blinds, shades, drapes) to allow for the adjustment of natural light. -Place chairs near windows to allow for reading or craft work using natural light. -Reduce glare, including adjusting the location of mirrors. Use non-skid, non-glare cleaning products on floors. -Increase contrast, such as placing a dark bath mat on a white bathroom floor or bright orange tape on the edge of a dark step. Use light colored door handles on dark colored doors and vice versa. -Clear walkways and reduce clutter in common areas. -Tape down or remove rugs and electrical cords. -Increase font size during reading, including use of large print books and adjusting computer monitor settings. -Recommend textured upholstery on furniture to provide tactile cues for seat location. -If making recomm­end­ations for a public hallway, recommend that drinking fountains, fire exting­uis­hers, and other obstacles be located along the same wall, leaving the other wall clear. -Light stairwells clearly to reduce shadows and glare. Mark landings with a highly contra­sting color. -Mark emergency exits clearly

form constancy

The ability to recognize and label objects even when they are viewed from a different angle or in a different enviro­nment.

visual closure

The ability to correctly perceive an object or word, even when it is partly hidden. This ability helps you to quickly make sense of what you see, even if it is not all visible to you, which means you do not have to see every little detail in order to recognize something.

spatial orient­ation

The ability to identify the position or direction of objects or points in space. Position in space (relates to unders­tanding direct­ional language concepts, such as in/out, up/down, in front of/beh­ind­/be­tween, left/r­ight, when relating to objects or shapes such as letters).

spatial relati­onships

This is the ability to visually perceive two or more objects in relation to each other and to yourself.

amsler grid

Used as a mainte­nance tool for clients with age related macular degene­ration to monitor vision changes.

confro­nta­tional testing for visual field cuts

visual fields of both eyes overlap; therefore each eye is tested indepe­nde­ntly. The patient should cover their right eye with their right hand (vice versa when testing the opposite eye). With the examiner seated directly across from the patient, the patient should direct their gaze to the corres­ponding eye of the examiner.

clock drawing test for visuos­patial deficits and cognition

The Clock Drawing Test (CDT) is a nonverbal screening tool in which the patient is asked to draw a clock. Although there are multiple versions of this test, in general, they all ask the patient to draw the face of a clock and then to draw the hands to indicate a particular time. Placement of the numbers around the circle requires visual­-sp­atial, numerical sequen­cing, and planning abilities.

magnifiers

Used to enlarge print or objects within magnified field. -hand held – magnifies a small, defined area -sheet – magnifies an entire page -hands free – mounted on a table or desk, hung around the neck, or worn as glasses. Used for small piece work, needle­work, etc

adaptive clocks

Clocks that use audio output to announce the time and vibration to provide alarms.

talking and low vision devices

Devices that provide audio output or large print on the controls. Calcul­ators, television remote controls, personal organi­zers, teleph­ones, timers, daily living devices, and other devices are available with these adapta­tions.

assistive tech

These items include adapta­tions for low vision for computers, tablets, and smartp­hones.

form constancy

Difficulty recogn­izing shapes, numbers, and letters when they differ in either color, size, font, or when they are presented in a different context • Difficulty recogn­izing people wearing different clothing

visual closure

Cannot identify traffic signs that are partially hidden behind a tree or other vehicle • Difficulty locating items in the refrig­erator that are partially covered • Difficulty making sense of words on a smudged page • Difficulty recogn­izing an object even when you can only see part of it • Difficulty finding an item of clothing when it is partly hidden

spatial orient­ation

letter and number reverals

spatial relati­onships

Difficulty unders­tanding what it means to “stand first in a line”, “sit in front of Amy” or “put the pencil on top of the paper”. • Difficulty with spacing and organi­zation of written school work • Difficulty with writing on the line/in relation to the lines • Standing in line without bumping into others

beery vmi

Integr­ation of visual and motor abilities

motor free visual perception test MVPT

Non-motor visual perceptual skills, including: -visual discri­min­ation -spatial relati­onships -visual memory -figur­e-g­round -visual closure

visual motor

visual perception

visual perception skills

figure ground

visual discri­min­ation

visual closure