SAT Chemistry Cheat Sheet

Mass	amount of matter (g,kg,ml)
matter	anything occupies space & has mass
Volume	room space, l, ml, gas, solid, liquid
Density	mass/volume=kg/m³
pressure	barometer, manometer
	760torr=760mmHg=1atm
energy	to work, transfer heat, cal, j,kj, calorimeter
	heat, light,kinetic, bond
temperature	average kinetic energy of molecule,273k=0^oC,373k=100^oC
heat	flow of kinetic energy from body of high temp to low temp
heat capacity	amount of heat abosorbed with 1^oC increase
specific heat	heat capacity of 1 gram of substance
q=mc*deltaT	heat=mass specific heat delta Temp

element	substance can't be broken down into a simpler substance by chemical reaction;most fundermental union of matter, can't broken down w/o losing their identity
atom	smallest particle of an element that still retains the chem properties of the element
	neucleon(proton+neutron)+electron
ion	atom lose/gain electrons: cation(+) anion(-)
proton	+1,1amu
neuton	0,1amu
eletron	-1,0amu
perodic table	group=column, row=period
atomic number =proton#, identity
atomic mass=proton mass + neutron mass
isotype	same proton#,different neutron
atomic weight = average mass of isotypes occurred on earth

Measures	Molarity, molality, percent of mass
solubility	solid, gas, solvent, solute, like solve like, pressure, temperature
saturation
electrolytes	ionic substance, break of ionic bond, neutral overall,conduct electricity
boiling & freezing point	delta T = kmi; k constant of solvent; m molality; i particles solved into; CaCl2 in snow day
precipitation	ionic solution,double replacement reaction
solubility rules	soluble:NO3-,ClO4-,Alkali metal,aNH4+
	insoluble:silver,lead,mercury,OH-

Kinetics	reaction rate: collision/re-orientation, bond break/making,activated complex
kinetic factors	concentration(g,l), pressure(g), surface area(s,l),temperature(10c=double), nature of reactants(bond strenght),catalyst,
catalyst	not consume, lower Ea activation energy,not change equlibrium
collision freq	concentration, surface area, temp
collision energy	temp, nature of reactant,catalyst
chemical equilibrim	dynamic chemical equilibrim, both direction in the same speed, reactant concentration not changed anymore
Keq	>1 favor forward reaction, <1 favor reverse reaction
phase change equlibrim
Le Chaetlier's principle
Keq never changes with reacted concentration; Keq change with heat stress;reaction shift to relieve the stress
pressure change the equlibrium on gas reactant
catalyst won't change equlibrium
Ksp	solubility product constant for precipitation reaction equlibrium

autoionozation	H+ + OH- <=> H2O
Kw	[H+][OH-]=10^-14M² at 25^oC
pH=7	-log([H+])=-log(10^-7) at 25^oC
acid	proton/H+ donor; electron pair acceptor
base	proton(OH-) acceptor; electron pair donor
amphoteric ion	HCO3-(aq)
strong acid/base	complete disassociating and not reversable
Strong acid:0	HCl,HBr,BI,HNO3,H2SO4,HCLO4
Strong base:14	LiOH,NaOH,KOH... Sr(OH)2,Ba(OH)2
calc pH	pH=-log([H+]) = 14-(-log[OH-])=14-pOH
weak base acid	partial /reversible dissociation, <10%
calc pH	using ka or Kb to get concentration of H+ and OH-
polyprotic acid	monoprotic acid
conjugate acid/base pair	mol formula same, except ONLY 1 H+
	HCl-Cl, H2O-OH-, H2SO4-HSO4,Na+-NaOH
Buffer	minimize pH change with a conjugated pair of weak acid and based,
titration	concentration of unknown; weak or strong acid/base of unknown;pKa pKb of unknown
equivalence point	titration curve, reflection/end point; M1V1=M2V2f
red-blue indicator	H-Indicator<=>H+(aq) + indicator(aq); color change at 7, buret

LEO	lose electron=oxidation
GER	Gain electron=reduction
oxidation state	adds up to 0; assign oxidatation number based on electronegativity
oxidation number	total=0;oxigen(-2),alkali(+1),alkali earth(+2),halogens (-1),OH(+-1)
balance redox reaction: total eletron balance
oxidant=oxidant agent, reducing agent
activity series
Rusting(O2)	2Fe(s) +3O2 ->Fe2O3(s)
dissolving(H+,H2O)	Pb(s)+2H+ ->H2(g) +Pb2+
Nitric acid disolution	NO2 is browish yellow toxic gas produced

Organic chemistry
Carbon, no polar covalent bond
soluble in non polar solution, not in water
no dissociate in solution, no ion in solution, not conductor, not electrolyte
isomer: same composite different geometry and chemical property, ethanol vs dimethyl
Hydrocarbon
alkanes	CnH2n+2, single bonds
Meth- eth- prop-but-pent-hex-
alkenes	CnH2n, >=1 double bond
-ane(all single bonds), -ene(>=1 doube), -yne (>=1 trible)
alkynes	CnH2n-2, >=1 trible bond
Hydrocarbon rings	aromatic hydrocarbons
functional groups
-OH, -Cl, -COOH, -NH2, -COH aldehydes ,ketone -C=O , ether -COC-, ester COOC
Organic reactions
Addition: C=C --> C-C
substitution
polymerization: monomer ->
creaking
combustion: hydrocarbon -> CO2+H2O, CO2:44, H2O:18
esterification: COOH + OH -> COOC + H2o
Biomolecular
LIpids; carbonhydrate, nucleic acid, protein
Environmental chemistry
atmosphere:N2 78%,O2 20%,Ar <1%,H2O, othe <1%; Troposphere,strato,meso, thermo
Ozone, O3: O2+gamma-> 2O(photodissociation), O+O2->O3( absorb solar radiation), CFCs consume O3 ( CFCS +light->free Cl, then consume O3 to form ClO)
GreenHouse effect
Acid Rain: SO2 -->SO3 +H2O->H2SO4(aq)
Carbon monoxide

Safety
accuracyH how correct a measure is; precision is how exact a measure is, compared to real measurement
Buret washing; hot object weigt;
significant figures: least sighnicant after operation, 2500 has 2 significant figure, 2500. has 4, 3 mole = 3.000000moles
Procedures
filtration - >distillation ->chromatography
titration: MaVz = Mb Vb, litmus: pink->blue, phenolphthanlein : clear->pink
Identifying chemicals
precipitation: AgCl
Conduction: Ion condictivity
Flame test:alkali (earth metal) Li/Sr Red, Ca:orange, Na: yellow, Ba: green, K: Violet
colored solution: CU2+ blue, Ni2+ green, Co2+ pink, Fe3+ yellow, CrO4- Yellow, CrO72 Orange, MnO4- deep purple
gas evolution:mannometer Erlenmmyer tube, splint test
calorimetery: Q=mc DeltaT
Equipment
Beaker, buret, burner, crucible tongs, dopper pipette,Erlenmeyer flask,evaporating dish,florence flask, forcepts,funnel,graduated cylinder,volumetric flask, metal spatula,mortar amd pestle,pipetter bulb, platform balance, ring clamp,

SAT Chemistry Cheat Sheet (DRAFT) by taotao