Behaviourist Approachrejects introspection | lab studies | observable and measurable behaviour | classical conditioning | unconditioned stimulus, neutral stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response | Pavlov's dogs | food (ucs), bell (ns), saliva (ucr) > bell (cs), saliva (cr) | operant conditioning | positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment | Skinner's box | positive reinforcement | reward for doing a behaviour | negative reinforcement | reward for stopping a behaviour/avoids something unpleasant | punishment | negative consequence for a behaviour |
Psychodynamic Approachrole of the unconscious | vast storehouse of biological drives and instincts that has a significant influence on our behaviour and personality + represses harmful memories | id | "gets what it wants", pleasure principle, part of the unconscious mind | ego | mediator between id and superego, reality principle, part of the conscious mind, develops around age 2, defends unconscious mind against displeasure through defence mechanisms | superego | sense of right and wrong, morality principle, punishes ego for wrong doing through guilt, part of conscious and unconscious mind, develops around age 5 | defence mechanisms | repression, denial, displacement | psychosexual stages | oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital | oral stage | 0-18 months, focus of libido is mouth | anal stage | 1-3 years, focus of libido is the anus, ego develops as parents impose restrictions | phallic stage | 3-6 years, focus of libido is genital area, identification with same-sex parent leads to formation of gender identity, superego develops through resolution of Oedipus or Electra complex | latency stage | earlier conflicts are repressed | genital stage | sexual desires become conscious alongside the onset of puberty, difficulty forming heterosexual relationships | Oedipus complex | feelings for mother, castration anxiety, "become" father | Electra complex | penis envy, desire father and view mother as rival, identify with mother, penis envy is replaced by desire for baby |
| | Social Learning Theoryimitation | copying the behaviour of others | identification | when an observer associates themselves with a role model and wants to be like the role model | modelling | imitating the behaviour of a role model/the precise demonstration of a specific behaviour that might be imitated by an observer | vicarious reinforcement | reinforcement which is not directly experienced but occurs through observing someone else being reinforced for a behaviour | mediational processes | factors which determine whether a new response is acquired | attention | the extent to which we notice certain behaviours | retention | how well the behaviour is remembered | reproduction | the ability of the observer to perform the behaviour | motivation | the will to perform the behaviour, often determined by whether the behaviour was rewarded or punished | Bandura's Bobo Doll Study |
Humanistic Approachfree will | self determining | active agents | reject more scientific models with general principles | subjective experience > general laws | Maslow's hierarchy of needs | physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness and love, esteem needs, self-actualisation | concept of self must have congruence with ideal self | unconditional positive regard is necessary for healthy development | conditions of worth in childhood | causes psychological problems in adulthood | client-centred therapy |
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