Behaviourist Approach
rejects introspection |
lab studies |
observable and measurable behaviour |
classical conditioning |
unconditioned stimulus, neutral stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response |
Pavlov's dogs |
food (ucs), bell (ns), saliva (ucr) > bell (cs), saliva (cr) |
operant conditioning |
positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment |
Skinner's box |
positive reinforcement |
reward for doing a behaviour |
negative reinforcement |
reward for stopping a behaviour/avoids something unpleasant |
punishment |
negative consequence for a behaviour |
Psychodynamic Approach
role of the unconscious |
vast storehouse of biological drives and instincts that has a significant influence on our behaviour and personality + represses harmful memories |
id |
"gets what it wants", pleasure principle, part of the unconscious mind |
ego |
mediator between id and superego, reality principle, part of the conscious mind, develops around age 2, defends unconscious mind against displeasure through defence mechanisms |
superego |
sense of right and wrong, morality principle, punishes ego for wrong doing through guilt, part of conscious and unconscious mind, develops around age 5 |
defence mechanisms |
repression, denial, displacement |
psychosexual stages |
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital |
oral stage |
0-18 months, focus of libido is mouth |
anal stage |
1-3 years, focus of libido is the anus, ego develops as parents impose restrictions |
phallic stage |
3-6 years, focus of libido is genital area, identification with same-sex parent leads to formation of gender identity, superego develops through resolution of Oedipus or Electra complex |
latency stage |
earlier conflicts are repressed |
genital stage |
sexual desires become conscious alongside the onset of puberty, difficulty forming heterosexual relationships |
Oedipus complex |
feelings for mother, castration anxiety, "become" father |
Electra complex |
penis envy, desire father and view mother as rival, identify with mother, penis envy is replaced by desire for baby |
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Social Learning Theory
imitation |
copying the behaviour of others |
identification |
when an observer associates themselves with a role model and wants to be like the role model |
modelling |
imitating the behaviour of a role model/the precise demonstration of a specific behaviour that might be imitated by an observer |
vicarious reinforcement |
reinforcement which is not directly experienced but occurs through observing someone else being reinforced for a behaviour |
mediational processes |
factors which determine whether a new response is acquired |
attention |
the extent to which we notice certain behaviours |
retention |
how well the behaviour is remembered |
reproduction |
the ability of the observer to perform the behaviour |
motivation |
the will to perform the behaviour, often determined by whether the behaviour was rewarded or punished |
Bandura's Bobo Doll Study |
Humanistic Approach
free will |
self determining |
active agents |
reject more scientific models with general principles |
subjective experience > general laws |
Maslow's hierarchy of needs |
physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness and love, esteem needs, self-actualisation |
concept of self must have congruence with ideal self |
unconditional positive regard is necessary for healthy development |
conditions of worth in childhood |
causes psychological problems in adulthood |
client-centred therapy |
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