This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.
Alphabet
Letter |
Name |
Pronunciation |
α - Α |
alpha |
long: father short: drama |
β - Β |
beta |
bit |
γ - Γ |
gamma |
get |
δ - Δ |
delta |
den |
ε - Ε |
epsilon |
get |
ζ - Ζ |
zeta |
adds (dz) |
η - Η |
eta |
wait |
θ - Θ |
theta |
thought |
ι - Ι |
iota |
long: meet short: bit |
κ - Κ |
kappa |
kit |
λ - Λ |
lambda |
lit |
μ - Μ |
mu |
meet |
ν - Ν |
nu |
neat |
ξ - Ξ |
xi |
coax, except (ks) |
ο - Ο |
omicron |
thought |
π - Π |
pi |
pen |
ρ - Ρ |
rho |
drama |
σ ς - Σ |
sigma |
set |
τ - Τ |
tau |
ten |
υ - Υ |
upsilon |
long: boot short: put |
φ - Φ |
phi |
fit |
χ - Χ |
chi |
locket, back |
ψ - Ψ |
psi |
flaps (ps) |
ω - Ω |
omega |
total |
Vowels
Long |
Short |
α |
α |
η |
ε |
ι |
ι |
ω |
ο |
υ |
υ |
Diphthongs
Diphthong |
Pronunciation |
αι |
defy, fine |
ει |
wait |
οι |
boy |
υι |
wit |
αυ |
scow |
ευ |
(ε + υ) |
ηυ |
(η + υ) |
ου |
boot |
Consonants
Labials |
π |
β |
φ |
Dentals |
τ |
δ |
θ |
Palatals |
κ |
γ |
χ |
Gamma plus Constants
Combo |
Sound |
γγ |
anger |
γκ |
banker |
γξ |
larynx |
γχ |
lunkhead |
Conditional Sentences
| |
Protasis |
Apodosis |
Future More Vivid |
ἐάν + subj. (does) |
future indic. (will do) |
Future Less Vivid |
εἰ + opt. (should do) |
opt. + ἄν (would do) |
Present General |
ἐάν + subj. (does) |
pres. indic. (does) |
Past General |
εἰ + opt. (did) |
imperf. indic. (did) |
Present Contrafactual |
εἰ + imperf. indic. (were doing) |
imperf. indic. + ἄν (would be doing) |
Past Contrafactual |
εἰ + aorist indic. (had done) |
aorist. indic. + ἄν (would have done) |
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Nouns
Gender |
Masculine - ὁ |
| |
Feminine - ἡ |
| |
Neuter - τό |
Number |
Singular |
| |
Dual |
| |
Plural |
Case |
Nominative - Subject |
| |
Genitive - of (possession) |
| |
Dative - to/for (object other than direct obj), by/with (instrumentality), in/at (place where, time when) |
| |
Accusative - Direct Object |
First Declension Nouns
Nom. Singular |
-(η/α) |
Gen. |
-(η/α)ς |
Dat. |
-(η/α) |
Acc. |
-(η/α)ν |
Voc. |
-(η/α) |
Nom. Plural |
-αι |
Gen. |
-ῶν |
Dat. |
-αις |
Acc. |
-ας |
Voc. |
-αι |
Vowel declension with stems ending in long "a"
First Declension Nouns (short "a")
Nom/Voc |
-α |
Gen |
-ης |
Dat |
-η |
Acc |
-αν |
These nouns have a short "a" in the Nominative/Vocative and Accusative, but have the same endings as all other first declension cases.
First Declension Nouns (masculine)
Nom. |
-(η/α)ς |
Gen. |
-ου |
Voc. |
-(η/α) |
Different ending only in Nominative, Genitive, and Vocative. All other endings are the same.
The Article
| |
M |
F |
N |
Nom. S |
ὁ |
ἡ |
τό |
Gen. |
τοῦ |
τῆς |
τοῦ |
Dat. |
τῷ |
τῇ |
τῷ |
Acc. |
τόν |
τήν |
τό |
Nom. P |
οἱ |
αἱ |
τά |
Gen. |
τῶν |
τῶν |
τῶν |
Dat. |
τοῖς |
ταῖς |
τοῖς |
Acc. |
τούς |
τάς |
τά |
Second Declension Nouns
| |
ὁ / ἡ |
|
τό |
Nom. Singular |
-ος |
|
-ον |
Gen. |
|
-ου |
Dat. |
|
-ῳ |
Acc. |
|
-ον |
Voc. |
-ε |
|
-ον |
Nom. Plural |
-οι |
|
-α |
Gen. |
|
-ων |
Dat. |
|
-οις |
Acc. |
-ους |
|
-α |
Voc. |
|
-α |
Vowel declension of stems ending in "o"
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Verb Tenses
Simple aspect: An action plainly and simply.
Prog/Rep aspect: An action in progress/ done habitually.
Completed aspect: An action that is completed.
Verb Mood
Indicative |
Factual |
Subjunctive |
Used in the purpose clause |
Optative |
Used in the purpose clause |
Imperative |
Command |
Verb Voice
Active |
Subject performs action. |
Passive |
Subject receives action. |
Middle |
Subject performs action but has an interest in the action. |
Principal Parts
I. |
Present active |
II. |
Future active |
III. |
Aorist active |
IV. |
Perfect active |
V. |
Perfect passive |
VI. |
Aorist passive |
All principal parts are first person, singular, indicative.
Present/Future Indicative Active
Person |
Singular |
Plural |
1st |
-ω |
-ομεν |
2nd |
-εις |
-ετε |
3rd |
-ει |
-ουσι(ν) |
With these endings:
Use the stem from PPI for present indicative active.
Use the stem from PPII for future indicative active.
Imperfect Indicative Active
Person |
Singular |
Plural |
1st |
-ον |
-ομεν |
2nd |
-ες |
-ετε |
3rd |
-ε(ν) |
-ον |
With these endings, add an augment to the stem from PPI.
Aorist Indicative Active
Person |
Singular |
Plural |
1st |
-α |
-αμεν |
2nd |
-ας |
-ατε |
3rd |
-ε(ν) |
-αν |
With these endings, use the stem (and augment that is already there) from PPIII.
Perfect Indicative Active
Person |
Singular |
Plural |
1st |
-α |
-αμεν |
2nd |
-ας |
-ατε |
3rd |
-ε(ν) |
-ασι(ν) |
With these endings, use the stem from PPIV.
Pluperfect Indicative Active
Person |
Singular |
Plural |
1st |
-η |
-εμεν |
2nd |
-ης |
-ετε |
3rd |
-ει(ν) |
-εσαν |
With these endings, add an augment to the stem from PPIV.
Present/Aorist Subjunctive Active
Person |
Singular |
Plural |
1st |
-ω |
-ωμεν |
2nd |
-ῃς |
-ητε |
3rd |
-ῃ |
-ωσι(ν) |
With these endings:
Use the stem from PPI for the present subjunctive active.
Use the stem (UN-augmented) from PPIII for the aorist subjunctive active.
Present Optative Active
Person |
Singular |
Plural |
1st |
-οιμι |
-οιμεν |
2nd |
-οις |
-οιτε |
3rd |
-οι |
-οιεν |
With these endings, use the stem from PPI.
Aorist Optative Active
Person |
Singular |
Plural |
1st |
-αιμι |
-αιμεν |
2nd |
-αις/ειας |
-αιτε |
3rd |
-αι/ειε(ν) |
-αιεν/-ειαν |
With these endings Ï…se the stem (UN-augmented) from PPIII.
Infinitives
Pres. Indic. Active |
-ειν |
Aorist Indic. Active |
-αι |
Perf. Indic. Active |
-έναι |
Use the un-augmented stem for Aorist.
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