VETS1018 Professor Toan Cheat Sheet (DRAFT) by Rybak

of human infectious diseases are ZOONOTIC

In 5 human diseases

3 have an animal origin

-PRRSv (Porcine Reprod­uctive and Respir­atory Syndrome virus)
-PCV associated diseases
-Foot and mouth disease
-ASF(African Swine Fever)
-Classical swine fever
-Swine Influenza
-Nipal virus infection
-Menangle virus infection
-Reston Ebolavirus infection

As frontline of:
-Detection of animal diseases
-Prevention of animal diseases
-Treatment of animal dieases
Many are zoonotic

Normal role of veteri­narian:
-Work to keep the animal healthy and treat diseases
-Conduct research to:
(1)Develop improved:
+Vaccines
+Diagnostics
+Therapeutics
(2)Serving as public health profes­sionals

Clients and the public expect Veteri­narians to:
-No matter what their responsibilities
-Must be knowle­dgeable about emerging and exotic diseases

Veteri­narians can contribute by:
- Mainta­ining and improving the health and welfare of food producing animals in the developed and developing world
- Providing health care to prevent and control zoonotic diseases in companion animals
- Contro­lling food borne and zoonotic diseases in food producing animals
- Conducting research for improved vaccines, pharma­ceu­ticals, and diagno­stics
- Working to ensure the health of wildlife and mainta­ining biodiv­ersity
- Working to reduce the impact of livestock, poultry, and aquatic animal production on the enviro­nment
- Improving the health of aquatic animals, exotic animals and zoo animals. - Educating students, animal owners, and the public regarding these critically important issues.

State of physical and psycho­logical well-b­eings that enables animals to express its genetic potential for maximising:
-Produc­tivity perfor­mance
-Reprod­uctive performance
-Lean meat production

Having a disorder of a body structure or function, one that produce clinical signs of a specific location, instead of just being a direct result of a physical injury.

Clinical Disease Level is described by the term: MORBIDITY
Disease can have:
- Clinical (Showing external clinical signs)
- Subcli­nical (Not showing any obvious signs)
-->Subcli­nical Disease can lead to lowered produc­tivity if goes unnoticed.

Clinical
Definition:
Diseases in the stage with observable abnorm­alities in a body structure or function of the patient, seen by the client or veteri­narian.
- Are custom­arily graded:
+ Based on severity: Severe, Mild, Moderate, etc...
+ Based on speed of onset and disease progress: Peracute, Acute, Subacute, Chronic, etc...

Subcli­nical
Definition
Diseases in the stage that have no observable abnorm­alities in the body structure or function

There is a delicate balance between the potential infectious pathogens and the respon­siv­eness of the immune system.
Pathogens > Immune System: Immune is impaired --> Pathogens can causes diseases
Pathogens = Immune System: Pathogens can reproduce, causing a local infection but are killed off quickly
Pathogens < Immune: The system over-r­eacted to a specific pathogen, having inappr­opr­iated immune responses --> Hypers­ens­itivity

Good animal husbandry
Definition:
A branch of agricu­lture concerned with many aspects of food production animals.
--> Good animal husbandry is good housing, good nutrition and good manage­ment.

The balance is more precarious when upscaling from an individual to a herd.
Poor husbandry would cause infection in a small groups, the pathogenic organisms gradually build up in the herd to a certain concen­tration that can infect even resilient ones.
The concen­tration continues to build up and destroy the balance, threaa­tening to overwhelm the collective herd immunity.

Healthy

Unhealthy

- Readily observed under microscope ( especially when stained)
- Recognized by their family group using:
+ Shape
+ Size
+ Antigenic charac­ter­istics
+ Biohemical charac­ter­istics
+ Identi­fic­ation of DNA

- Smallest of the infectious agents
- Can only be seen using electron microscope
- Use vaccines to artifi­cally acquire active immunity

Virus mutates as part of natural replic­ation. During replic­ation, it may undergo "­copying errors­" (genetic mutati­ons), which keeps gradually happening, eventually lead to altera­tions of the virus' surface proteins or antigens.

Definition:
Eukaryotic organisms, including molds and yeasts, also mushroom.
Charac­ter­istics:
- Found in damp condit­ions: badly stored cereals, moist places,...
- Produce Mycotoxins during Multip­lic­ation in some species --> Causes clinical signs if eaten.

Methods to not grow fungi:

- Do not let grain ferment

- Do not let feed to waste ad fermen­tation happening in feed troughs

- Empty grain bins regularly.

- Visually check the final feed prior to feeding

Example Diseases:

--> Dermap­hytosis

- pH test: 4.6 or below

Defini­tion:

- Live externally on or in the skin: Ectopa­rasites

- Smallest parasites: Coccidia: --> Coccid­iosis (Bệnh Cầu Trùng): They live in intestine (the lining of smaall intestine)

- Some parasites require interm­ediate host, such as lungworms use earthworm as interm­ediate.

A virus life cycle is the duration of living of the parasite
When clinical signs appear, that means the parasites must haave been in the host for most of its life cycle. (Already an adult parasite).

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The most effective and easy ways to break the cycle is to:
- Have good hygiene
- Remove interm­ediate host if present

One of the major causes for diseases to develop inside body.
- Trauma­tized indivi­duals are previously affected by extrinsic factors such as:
- Housing managements
- Other animals of same species
- Fighting
- Poor management techniques

Hereditary and Congenital diseases are common in swines and cover a whole range of conditions.

Enviro­nmental problems:
- Littering
- Contam­inating surrou­ndings with bacter­ia/­che­mical residu­es/...
- Releasing greenhouse gases
--> Contribute to some disease develo­pments.

- Happens when some cells don't die and continue to grow abnorm­ally.

-Affected body parts also cant function properly --> Failure --> Illnessz

- Knowledge on Nutrit­ional requir­ements and Components of dietary ingred­ients helps reduce problems relating to faulty nutrition.

Vitamin defici­encies can cause poor growth;
Mineral defici­encies are not uncommon due to demands for increased lactation

An upset (dysfu­nction) in the body functi­onings, usually caused by intensive animal production

- A part of Hypers­ens­itivity

- Makes immune system attacks parts of the body

- Common in animals

- Many substances (such as drugs) can have lethal dose, meaning reaching a toxic-­ind­ucing level and cause illnesses.

Defini­tion:

Stress would cause:

Good management will increase well-b­eings and biological efficiency of the animals.

- Increased secretion of stress hormones: cortic­ost­eroid suppresses immune system

--> Increased risk of diseases

2 Types of transm­ission:

- Improper management

Vertical: From parents to offsprings

- Isolate soon-to-be added animals for 3 to 4 wks before adding to the herd. (Both new animals, cull animals and those exposed to other animals)

- Clean, healthy enviro­nments are provided

- Visitors and new animals not allowed in livestock areas

- Consult a veteri­narian when problems arise