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\author{Rybak}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (vets1018-professor-toan.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Rybak)
  /Subject (VETS1018 Professor Toan Cheat Sheet)
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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{VETS1018 Professor Toan Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Rybak} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/170879/cs/35815/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Rybak \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/rybak} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 6th December, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Introduction}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{60\%}} & \{\{ac\}\} of {\bf{human infectious diseases}} are {\bf{ZOONOTIC}} \tn 
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{\bf{75\%}} & \{\{ac\}\} of it is of {\bf{ANIMAL ORIGIN}} \tn 
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In {\bf{5}} human diseases & \{\{ac\}\}  {\bf{3 have an animal origin}} \tn 
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{\bf{80\%}} of {\bf{Bioterrorist agents}} & \{\{ac\}\}  {\bf{Zoonotic Pathogens}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chain of Infection}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/rybak_1669868662_chain of infection.png}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Chain of Infection: \newline Starts with {\bf{ Susceptible Host}}}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.64772 cm} x{1.23579 cm} x{1.69349 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Field expertise and Knowledge Exchange}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\{\{ac\}\} {\bf{Experimental Knowledge}} \{\{nl\}\}(knowing what works and vice versa) &  & \{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Professional Knowledge}} \{\{nl\}\}(professional conduct standards) \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{{\emph{Land Manager}}}}\{\{ac\}\} & {\bf{{\emph{Veterinarian}}}}\{\{nobreak\}\} & \{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Scientific Knowledge}} \{\{nl\}\} (Knowing latest technologies, techniques,..) \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 6)
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\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Experiential Knowledge}} (based on experiment \seqsplit{interventions)} &  & \{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Regulatory Knowledge}} (Knowing legislations, laws, policies,...) \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 6)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Pig diseases}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{-{\bf{PRRSv}} (Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus) \{\{nl\}\} -{\bf{PCV associated diseases}}\{\{nl\}\}-{\bf{Foot and mouth disease}}\{\{nl\}\}-{\bf{ASF}}(African Swine Fever)\{\{nl\}\}-{\bf{Classical swine fever}}\{\{nl\}\}-{\bf{Swine Influenza}}\{\{nl\}\}-{\bf{Nipal virus infection}}\{\{nl\}\}-{\bf{Menangle virus infection}}\{\{nl\}\}-{\bf{Reston Ebolavirus infection}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Role of Veterinarian}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{As frontline of:}}\{\{nl\}\}-{\bf{Detection}} of animal diseases\{\{nl\}\}-{\bf{Prevention}} of animal diseases\{\{nl\}\}-{\bf{Treatment}} of animal dieases\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{{\emph{Many are zoonotic}}}}\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Normal role of veterinarian:}}\{\{nl\}\}-Work to keep the animal {\bf{healthy}} and {\bf{treat diseases}}\{\{nl\}\} -{\bf{Conduct research}} to:\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{(1)}}Develop improved:\{\{nl\}\}+Vaccines\{\{nl\}\}+Diagnostics\{\{nl\}\}+Therapeutics\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{(2)}}Serving as public health professionals} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Role of Veterinarian (Cont.)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Clients and the public expect Veterinarians to:\{\{nl\}\}-No matter what their responsibilities\{\{nl\}\}-Must be knowledgeable about emerging and exotic diseases} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{•	{\bf{Animal health}}, {\bf{human health}}, {\bf{food production}}, and the {\bf{environment}} are inextricably {\bf{linked}}. \newline •	The multidisciplinary training that veterinarians receive provides the tools needed to play an important role in meeting the challenges.}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Role of Veterinarian (Cont.) (2)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Veterinarians can contribute by: \{\{nl\}\} - {\bf{Maintaining}} and {\bf{improving}} the {\bf{health and welfare}} of food producing {\bf{animals}} in the developed and developing world \{\{nl\}\} - {\bf{Providing health care}} to {\bf{prevent}} and {\bf{control zoonotic diseases}} in companion animals \{\{nl\}\} - {\bf{Controlling food borne}} and {\bf{zoonotic diseases}} in food producing animals \{\{nl\}\} - {\bf{Conducting research}} for {\bf{improved vaccines, pharmaceuticals, and diagnostics}} \{\{nl\}\} - Working to {\bf{ensure}} the {\bf{health of wildlife}} and {\bf{maintaining biodiversity}} \{\{nl\}\}  - Working to {\bf{reduce}} the {\bf{impact}} of {\bf{livestock, poultry, and aquatic}} animal {\bf{production}} {\bf{on}} the {\bf{environment}}  \{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{Improving}} the {\bf{health}} of {\bf{aquatic}} animals, {\bf{exotic}} animals and {\bf{zoo}} animals.  - {\bf{Educating students, animal owners}}, and the {\bf{public}} regarding these {\bf{critically important issues}}.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Definition of health}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{State of {\bf{physical}} and {\bf{psychological}} well-beings that enables animals to express its genetic potential for maximising:\{\{nl\}\}-{\bf{Productivity}} performance \{\{nl\}\} -{\bf{Reproductive}} performance\{\{nl\}\}-{\bf{Lean meat production}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Definition of Disease}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Having a disorder of a body structure or function, one that produce {\bf{clinical signs}} of a specific location, instead of just being a direct result of a physical injury.} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Disease is associated with: \{\{nl\}\} - An {\bf{unhealthy state}} of body and mind\{\{nl\}\}- Accompanied with pain and uneasiness\{\{nl\}\} -{}-{}-\textgreater{}Unable to exert full genetic potential -{}-\textgreater{} Decreased productivity} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Disease (Cont.)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Clinical Disease Level}} is described by the term: {\bf{MORBIDITY}}\{\{nl\}\}Disease can have:\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{Clinical}} (Showing external clinical signs)\{\{nl\}\} - {\bf{Subclinical}} (Not showing any obvious signs)\{\{nl\}\} -{}-\textgreater{}{\bf{Subclinical Disease}} can lead to lowered productivity if goes unnoticed.} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Clinical vs Subclinical}}  \tn
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{\bf{{\emph{Clinical}}}}\{\{nl\}\} Definition:\{\{nl\}\} {\emph{Diseases in the stage with observable abnormalities in a body structure or function of the patient, seen by the client or veterinarian.}}\{\{nl\}\}- Are customarily graded:\{\{nl\}\}+ Based on {\bf{severity}}: Severe, Mild, Moderate, etc...\{\{nl\}\}+ Based on {\bf{speed of onset}} and {\bf{disease progress}}: Peracute, Acute, Subacute, Chronic, etc...\{\{br\}\} & {\bf{{\emph{Subclinical}}}}\{\{nl\}\}Definition\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{Diseases in the stage that have no observable abnormalities in the body structure or function}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Every {\bf{healthy herd}} at least {\bf{carries}} a multitude of {\bf{potentially infectious pathogens}} in: {\bf{Guts}}, {\bf{Respiratory}}, {\bf{Skin}}, {\bf{Genitals}}. However, it {\bf{isn't pathogenic enough}} to cause {\bf{clinical}} or {\bf{subclinical}} diseases.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Health vs Disease-free}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/rybak_1669916983_image_2022-12-02_004938744.png}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Pathogens and Immune system}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{There is a delicate balance between the potential infectious pathogens and the responsiveness of the immune system.\{\{nl\}\} {\bf{Pathogens \textgreater{} Immune System}}: Immune is impaired -{}-\textgreater{} Pathogens can causes diseases\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Pathogens = Immune System}}: Pathogens can reproduce, causing a local infection but are killed off quickly\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Pathogens \textless{} Immune}}: The system over-reacted to a specific pathogen, having inappropriated immune responses -{}-\textgreater{} Hypersensitivity} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Physical}} or  {\bf{Psychological}} disturbance (disorder) can affect the equilibrium of these two -{}-\textgreater{} Maintain good physical and mental health as to not impair the system.}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Good animal husbandry and stockmanship}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Good animal husbandry}}\{\{nl\}\} Definition:\{\{nl\}\}A branch of agriculture concerned with many aspects of food production animals.\{\{nl\}\} -{}-\textgreater{} {\bf{Good animal husbandry}} is good housing, good nutrition and good management.\{\{br\}\}} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Good stockmanship}}\{\{nl\}\} Definition:\{\{nl\}\}A branch of science concerning the handling of animal's welfare and well-being\{\{nl\}\}-{}-\textgreater{} {\bf{Good stockmanship}} is good handling of the animal in a safe, efficient, low-stress manner, prioritizing their health and welfare.} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Pathogens and Immune system (Cont.)}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The balance is more precarious when upscaling from an individual to a herd. \{\{nl\}\}Poor husbandry would cause infection in a small groups, the pathogenic organisms gradually build up in the herd to a certain concentration that can infect even resilient ones.\{\{nl\}\} The concentration continues to build up and destroy the balance, threaatening to overwhelm the collective herd immunity.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Host/Agent/environment Triangle}}  \tn
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 & {\bf{Agents}}\{\{ac\}\}\{\{nl\}\}exposure to specific pathogens \{\{nl\}\}and their characteristics\{\{nl\}\} &  \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
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{\bf{Host}}\{\{ac\}\}\{\{nl\}\}Age, breeds, sex, welfare,.. & {\bf{{\emph{Disease}}}}\{\{ac\}\} & {\bf{Environment}}\{\{ac\}\}\{\{nl\}\}Husbandry methods,\{\{nl\}\} climate, hosuing,... \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 6)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Animal behaviors}}  \tn
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{\bf{Healthy}}\{\{nl\}\} \{\{ac\}\} & \{\{ac\}\} {\bf{Unhealthy}} \tn 
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% Row 1
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- \{\{br\}\}Interact with one another\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nobreak\}\} - Curious \{\{nl\}\} - BAR (Bright, Alert, Responsive) \{\{nl\}\} - Show interest when disturbed\{\{nl\}\} - Observe respiratory rate & - Lethargic (move slowly)\{\{nl\}\} - Depressed \{ Head drops low, ears droop)\{\{nl\}\} - Isolate from herd, bumped by pen mates\{\{nl\}\} - Inactive\{\{nl\}\} - Not interested in eating/drinking\{\{nl\}\} - Decreased BAR manner \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 11)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bacteria}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- Readily {\bf{observed under microscope }} ( especially when {\bf{stained}})\{\{nl\}\} - {\bf{Recognized}} by their {\bf{family group}} using:\{\{nl\}\} + {\emph{Shape}} \{\{nl\}\} + {\emph{Size}} \{\{nl\}\} + {\emph{Antigenic characteristics}} \{\{nl\}\}  + {\emph{Biohemical characteristics}} \{\{nl\}\} + {\emph{Identification of DNA}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Virus}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- {\bf{ Smallest}} of the {\bf{infectious agents}}\{\{nl\}\} - Can only be {\bf{seen}} using {\bf{electron microscope}} \{\{nl\}\} - Use {\bf{vaccines}} to {\bf{artifically acquire active immunity}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Why viruses mutate more than bacteria?}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Virus mutates as part of natural replication. During replication, it may undergo "copying errors" (genetic mutations), which keeps gradually happening, eventually lead to alterations of the virus' surface proteins or antigens.} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fungi}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Definition}}:\{\{nl\}\} Eukaryotic organisms, including {\bf{molds}} and {\bf{yeasts}}, also mushroom. \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{Characteristics:}}\{\{nl\}\} - Found in damp conditions: badly stored cereals, moist places,...\{\{nl\}\}- Produce {\bf{Mycotoxins}} during {\bf{Multiplication}} in {\bf{some species}} -{}-\textgreater{} {\bf{{\emph{Causes clinical signs if eaten}}}}.} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.33919 cm} x{2.63781 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fungi (cont.)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Methods to not grow {\emph{fungi}}:} \tn 
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- Do not store moist corn or cereals & - Check holding bins (for feeds) for leakages and bridged feed monthly \tn 
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- Do not let grain ferment & - Do not let feed to waste ad fermentation happening in feed troughs \tn 
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- Check feed hoppers daily & - Always examine basic feed ingredients \tn 
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- Empty grain bins regularly. & - Visually check the final feed prior to feeding \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fungi (cont.)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Example Diseases:} \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Certain species of {\emph{fungi}} called {\bf{Dermatophytes}} can cause skin infection on and development of ringworms.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{-{}-\textgreater{} {\bf{Dermaphytosis}}} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Question: How to detect fermentation is happening?}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- pH test: 4.6 or below} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Parasites}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Definition:} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
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\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{-Live inside body: {\bf{ Endoparasites}}} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- Live externally on or in the skin: {\bf{Ectoparasites}}} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Characteristics:} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- Smallest parasites: {\bf{ Coccidia}}: -{}-\textgreater{} {\bf{Coccidiosis}} (Bệnh Cầu Trùng): They live in intestine ({\bf{the lining of smaall intestine}})} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
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\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- Have a life cycle: from eggs to larvae to adults} \tn 
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% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- Some parasites require intermediate host, such as lungworms use earthworm as intermediate.} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{4.4793 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Why should we know about a virus life cycle?}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{A virus life cycle is {\bf{the duration of living of the parasite}}\{\{nl\}\} When clinical signs appear, that means the parasites must haave been in the host for most of its life cycle. (Already an adult parasite). \{\{nl\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Example}}: A parasite with a 1-week life cycle -{}-\textgreater{} {\bf{Infect an individual host}} -{}-\textgreater{} Host shows signs at week 3 -{}-\textgreater{} Use parasiticides on week 2 of other cows} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & f \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Know the specific stages of life cycle to effectively prevent the parasite} \tn 
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% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The most effective and easy ways to break the cycle is to:\{\{nl\}\} - {\bf{Have good hygiene}}\{\{nl\}\} - {\bf{Remove intermediate host if present}}} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Trauma}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{One of the major causes for diseases to develop inside body.\{\{nl\}\}- {\bf{Traumatized individuals}} are previously affected by {\bf{extrinsic factors}} such as:\{\{nl\}\} - Housing managements\{\{nl\}\} - Other animals of same species\{\{nl\}\} - Fighting\{\{nl\}\} - Poor management techniques} \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Most are preventable with {\bf{good management}}} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hereditary and Congenital}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Hereditary}} and {\bf{Congenital}} diseases are {\bf{common}} in swines and cover a whole range of conditions.\{\{ac\}\}} \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{What is the different between {\bf{Hereditary}} and {\bf{Congential}}?\{\{ac\}\}} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Hereditary}}\{\{ac\}\} & {\bf{Congenital}}\{\{ac\}\} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
Meaning the condition was {\bf{inherited}} from the {\bf{parents to the offsprings.}}\{\{br\}\} & Meaning the condition is {\bf{present at birth}} but implying there was an {\bf{abnormality}} happened {\bf{during fetus development}} instead of being inherited. \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Environmental problems}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Environmental problems:\{\{nl\}\} - Littering\{\{nl\}\} - Contaminating surroundings with bacteria/chemical residues/... \{\{nl\}\}- Releasing greenhouse gases\{\{nl\}\} -{}-\textgreater{} {\bf{Contribute to some disease developments}}.} \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Do PLF (Precision Lifestock Farming):}}\{\{nl\}\}- Effectively reduces: \{\{nl\}\} +Ammonia, Greenhouse gases, Nitrates, Phosphorous, heavy metals, antibiotics.\{\{nl\}\} - Effectively increases:\{\{nl\}\}+ Good health\{\{nl\}\} + Good well-beings\{\{nl\}\} + Good productivity\{\{nl\}\} + Good reproductive performance.} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cancer}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- Happens when some cells don't die and continue to grow abnormally.} \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Pressure of the abnormal growth put on other body parts -{}-\textgreater{} {\bf{cannot function normally when being pushed}} -{}-\textgreater{} Illness occurs} \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{-Affected body parts also cant function properly -{}-\textgreater{} Failure -{}-\textgreater{} Illnessz} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- Can also cause fever and other conditions} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nutritional Deficiency and Excesses}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- Knowledge on {\bf{ Nutritional requirements}} and {\bf{Components of dietary ingredients}} helps {\bf{reduce problems relating to faulty nutrition}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- Four aspects in diet that {\bf{deficiency}} affect: vitamin, protein, minerals, energy} \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{ Vitamin deficiencies can cause poor growth; \{\{nl\}\}}} Mineral deficiencies are {\bf{not uncommon}} due to demands for increased lactation} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{**Nutrional excesses can also causes illness.} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Metabolic Diseases}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{An upset (dysfunction) in the body functionings, usually caused by {\bf{intensive animal production}}} \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Ex}}: Hypercalcemia} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Allergies}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- A part of Hypersensitivity} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- Caused by an allergen} \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- Makes immune system attacks parts of the body} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Poisoning}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- Common in animals} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- Caused by a variety of agents (including rotten feed)} \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- Many substances (such as drugs) can have {\bf{lethal dose}}, meaning reaching a toxic-inducing level and cause illnesses.} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- Poisoning can affect individually or together with others.} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Stress}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Definition:\{\{br\}\} & Stress would cause: \tn 
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\{\{br\}\}Caused by interaction with adverse managements and environments. & - Impairment to digestive system \tn 
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\{\{br\}\}Good management will increase well-beings and biological efficiency of the animals. & - Increased secretion of stress hormones: corticosteroid suppresses immune system \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & - Increased body temp. and heart rate \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & -{}-\textgreater{} Increased risk of diseases \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Transmission}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{3 principle reasons for transmission of diseases:}} & {\bf{2 Types of transmission}}: \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
- Poor sanitation & {\bf{Horizontal}}: From 1 animal to another \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- Improper management & {\bf{Vertical}}: From parents to offsprings \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- Introduction of a foreign animal to the herd} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Eight good management practices}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- Isolate soon-to-be added animals for 3 to 4 wks before adding to the herd. ({\bf{Both new animals, cull animals and those exposed to other animals}})} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- {\bf{Install}} good {\bf{immunization program}}} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- {\bf{Clean, healthy environments}} are provided} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- {\bf{Adequately nutritious rations}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- {\bf{Visitors}} and {\bf{new animals not allowed}} in {\bf{livestock areas}}} \tn 
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% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- {\bf{Quickly}} and {\bf{accurately diagnose diseases}}} \tn 
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% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- {\bf{Consult a veterinarian}} when problems arise} \tn 
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% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- {\bf{Handled livestocks properly}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}