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Respiratory System Cheat Sheet
Purpose
Energy |
- for cellular activities |
Produce ATP |
- to support energy creating chemical reactions |
Remove CO2 |
- to prevent dangerous PH fluctuations resulting from of reactions |
Homeostatis |
- by exchanging O2 and CO2 with the atmosphere and blood |
Definitions
Alveoli |
- small thin-walled sacs where gas exchange occurs |
Bronchi |
- two main branches stemming from the trachea |
Bronchioles |
- small branches stemming from the bronchi |
Larynx |
- voice box at the entrance to the trachea |
Lungs |
- organs consisting of the lower portion of the respiratory airways, the pulmonary circulation, and connective tissue |
Nasal Passages |
- the nose |
Respiratory Airways |
- tubes that move air between the atmosphere and the alveoli |
Respiratory System |
- system responsible for breathing in & out |
Pharynx |
- passageway to the lungs and the stomach |
Pleura |
- produce fluid that lubricates the lung to prevent friction when breathing |
Pleural Cavity |
- the space between the pleural sacs |
Pleural Sacs |
- thin, fluid-filled, membranes that enclose the lungs |
Trachea |
- tube through which air is conducted to the lungs |
Ventilation |
- the exchange of air between the atmosphere and alveoli |
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External Respiration
1. Ventilation or gas exchange between the atmosphere and air sacs in the lungs |
2. Exchange of O2 and CO2 between air in the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries |
3. Transport of O2 and CO2 by the blood between the lungs and tissues |
4. Exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood in the systemic capillaries and the tissue cells |
This then leads into Cellular Respiration |
Pressures Important for Ventilation
1. Atmospheric Pressure |
2. Intra-alveolar Pressure |
3. Intrapleular Pressure |
4. Transmural Pressure Gradient |
Boyle's Law
Volume Change → Pressure Change → Flow of Gases to Equalized Pressure
Boyle's Law: at a constant temperature the pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume
Large Container = molecules far apart = low pressure
Small Container = molecules close together = high pressure |
Lung Compliance
Otherwise known as flexibility or inverse of stiffness
Greater lung compliance = easier to expand lungs
Determinants of Lung Stiffness:
1. Stretchability of lung tissue
2. Alveolar surface tension |
Pulmonary Surfactant
Is a mixture of phospholipids and proteins |
Is secreted by type II alveolar cells |
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Airway Branching
Conducting zone
Trachea (1) ↓
Bronchi (2) ↓
Bronchioles (16) ↓
Terminal Bronchioles (6x10^4) ↓
Respiratory Zone
where gas exchange happens
Respiratory Bronchioles (5x10^5) ↓
Alveolar Ducts ↓
Alveolar Sacs |
Functions of the Conducting Zone
1. Provides a low-resistance pathway for airflow
2. Defends against microbes, toxic chemicals, and other foreign matter.
3. Warms and moistens the air
4. Aids in sound production |
Inspiration
Diaphragm contracts making the thoracic cavity taller |
External intercostal muscles contract lifting the ribcage and widening the thoracic cavity |
Inspiration & Expiration Diagram
Expiration
In Passive Expiration the inspiratory muscles relax and the ribs, sternum, and diaphragm return to resting |
In Active Expiration the abdominal muscles contract, causing the diaphragm to push upward, shortening the thoracic cavity. Internal intercostal muscles flattens the ribs and sternum further shortening the cavity. |
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