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Deficient in Lactase (Lactose intorlerant)
Galactose Is Toxic If Transferase Missing
The Glycolytic Pathway Is Tightly Controlled
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Key Enzymes
1. Hexokinase |
2. Phosphofructokinase-1 |
3. Pyruvate kinase |
Methods of regulation
1. allosteric regulation |
2. covalent modification |
Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)
the key point for regulation of glycolysis |
allosteric activator：AMP; F-2,6-BP (in the liver) |
allosteric inhibitor：ATP; citrate |
In high concentrations, fructose 6-phosphate (F-6P) activates the enzyme phosphofructokinase (PFK) through an intermediary, fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (F-2,6-BP). |
F-6P to PFK if too many Glucose(by insulin)
Hexokinase
Hexokinase is suppressed by its product G-6-P. |
Glucokinase in liver, is not inhibited by G-6-P. |
Glucokinase phosphorylates glucose only when glucose is abundant |
The role of glucokinase is to provide G-6-P for the synthesis of glycogen and for the formation of fatty acids. |
Gives the brain and muscles first call on glucose when its supply is limited, and it ensures that glucose will not be wasted when it is abundant. |
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Glucose Transporters(GLUTs)
Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis back and forth
from Noncarbohydrate Precursors to Glucose
The gluconeogenic (糖異生) pathway converts pyruvate into glucose. |
Gluconeogenesis is not a reversal of glycolysis |
Noncarbohydrate precursors are first converted into pyruvate, oxaloacetate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate. |
Noncarbohydrate Precursors: lactate, amino acids, and glycerol. |
pathway of Gluconeogenesis
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