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Deficient in Lactase (Lactose intorlerant)
Galactose Is Toxic If Transferase Missing
The Glycolytic Pathway Is Tightly Controlled
| | Key Enzymes1. Hexokinase | 2. Phosphofructokinase-1 | 3. Pyruvate kinase |
Methods of regulation1. allosteric regulation | 2. covalent modification |
Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)the key point for regulation of glycolysis | allosteric activator：AMP; F-2,6-BP (in the liver) | allosteric inhibitor：ATP; citrate | In high concentrations, fructose 6-phosphate (F-6P) activates the enzyme phosphofructokinase (PFK) through an intermediary, fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (F-2,6-BP). |
F-6P to PFK if too many Glucose(by insulin)
HexokinaseHexokinase is suppressed by its product G-6-P. | Glucokinase in liver, is not inhibited by G-6-P. | Glucokinase phosphorylates glucose only when glucose is abundant | The role of glucokinase is to provide G-6-P for the synthesis of glycogen and for the formation of fatty acids. | Gives the brain and muscles first call on glucose when its supply is limited, and it ensures that glucose will not be wasted when it is abundant. |
| | Glucose Transporters(GLUTs)
Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis back and forth
from Noncarbohydrate Precursors to GlucoseThe gluconeogenic (糖異生) pathway converts pyruvate into glucose. | Gluconeogenesis is not a reversal of glycolysis | Noncarbohydrate precursors are first converted into pyruvate, oxaloacetate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate. | Noncarbohydrate Precursors: lactate, amino acids, and glycerol. |
pathway of Gluconeogenesis
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