General Physics
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Momentum - An object with that is in motion has momentum which is defined by the equation (Momentum = mass x velocity). |
Kinetic energy - The kinetic energy, E, of an object (also known as its kinetic store) is defined as: K The energy an object has as a result of its mass and speed - This means that any object in motion has energy in its kinetic energy store - Kinetic energy can be calculated using the equation: EK = ½ × m × v2 |
Collisions The total momentum before a collision = The total momentum after a collision - Before the collision: - The momentum is only of mass m which is moving - If the right is taken as the positive direction, the total momentum of the system is m × u - After the collision: - Mass M also now has momentum - The velocity of m is now -v (since it is now travelling to the left) and the velocity of M is V - The total momentum is now the momentum of M + momentum of m - This is (M × V) + (m × -v) or (M × V) – (m × v) |
Gravitational potential energy - The gravitational potential energy, E, of an object (also known as its gravitational store) is defined as: P The energy an object has due to its height in a gravitational field - This means: - If an object is lifted up, energy will be transferred to its gravitational store - If an object falls, energy will be transferred away from its gravitational store - The GPE of an object can be calculated using the equation: ΔEP = mgΔh |
Impulse - When a resultant (unbalanced) force acts on a mass, the momentum of that mass will change - The impulse of a force is equal to that force multiplied by the time for which it acts: impulse = force × change in time impulse = FΔt - The change in momentum of a mass is equal to the impulse provided by the force: impulse = change in momentum impulse = FΔt = Δp - Change in momentum can also be described as: Δp = Δ(mv) Δp = mv − mu - Where: - m = mass in kg - v = final velocity in m/s - u = initial velocity in m/s - Therefore: impulse = FΔt = Δp = mv − mu |
Work done - Work is done when an object is moved over a distance by a force applied in the direction of its displacement - It is said that the force does work on the object - If a force is applied to an object but doesn’t result in any movement, no work is done Work is done when a force is used to move an object - The formula for work done is: Work done = force × distance W = fd |
Energy - Energy is a property that must be transferred to an object in order to perform work on or heat up that object - It is measured in units of Joules (J) - Energy will often be described as part of an energy system - In physics, a system is defined as: An object or group of objects - Therefore, when describing the changes within a system, only the objects or group of objects and the surroundings need to be considered - Energy can be stored in different ways, and there are changes in the way it is stored when a system changes - The principle of conservation of energy states that: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only be transferred from one store to another - This means that for a closed system, the total amount of energy is constant |
Efficiency of energy transfer - The efficiency of a system is a measure of how well energy is transferred in a system - Efficiency is defined as: The ratio of the useful power or energy transfer output from a system to its total power or energy transfer input - If a system has high efficiency, this means most of the energy transferred is useful - If a system has low efficiency, this means most of the energy transferred is wasted |
Pressure - Pressure is defined as The concentration of a force or the force per unit area - For example, when a drawing pin is pushed downwards: - It is pushed into the surface, rather than up towards the finger - This is because the sharp point is more concentrated (a small area) creating a larger pressure |
Liquid Pressure - A fluid is either a liquid or a gas When an object is immersed in a fluid, the fluid will exert pressure, squeezing the object - This pressure is exerted evenly across the whole surface of the fluid and in all directions - The pressure exerted on objects in fluids creates forces against surfaces - These forces act at 90 degrees (at right angles) to the surface The pressure of a fluid on an object creates a force normal (at right angles) to the surface - The pressure of a fluid on an object will increase with: - Depth within the fluid - Increased density of the fluid ### Calculating Pressure in Liquids - The pressure is more accurately the difference in pressure at different depths h in a liquid, since the pressure changes with the depth - The pressure due to a column of liquid can be calculated using the equation Δp = ρgΔh or in simple words —> $Rho Gravity Height$ |
Properties of Waves
- Waves transfer energy and information - Waves are described as oscillations or vibrations about a fixed point - For example, ripples cause particles of water to oscillate up and down - Sound waves cause particles of air to vibrate back and forth - In all cases, waves transfer energy without transferring matter - For water waves, this means it is the wave and not the water (the matter) itself that travels - For sound waves, this means it is the wave and not the air molecules (the matter) itself that travels - Objects floating on water provide evidence that waves only transfer energy and not matter |
Frequency - Frequency is defined as: The number of waves passing a point in a second - Frequency is given the symbol f and is measured in Hertz (Hz) |
Types of Waves - Transverse - e.g. vibrations of guitar string. - Longitudinal - e.g. Tsunami waves. |
Wave Speed - Wave speed is the speed at which energy is transferred through a medium - Wave speed is defined as: The distance travelled by a wave each second - Wave speed is given the symbol, ν, and is measured in metres per second (m/s), it can be calculated using: $wave speed = frequency × wavelength$ |
Features of a wave - When describing wave motion, there are several terms which are important to know, including: - Crest (Peak) - Trough - Amplitude - Wavelength - Frequency - Wave speed - Wavefront |
Wavefront - Wavefronts are a useful way of picturing waves from above: each wavefront is used to represent a single wave - The image below illustrates how wavefronts are visualised: - The arrow shows the direction the wave is moving and is sometimes called a ray - The space between each wavefront represents the wavelength - When the wavefronts are close together, this represents a wave with a short wavelength - When the wavefronts are far apart, this represents a wave with a long wavelength - Wave speed is defined as: The distance travelled by a wave each second - Wave speed is given the symbol ν and is measured in metres per second (m/s) - Wave speed is the speed at which energy is transferred through a medium - Transverse and longitudinal waves both obey the wave equation: V = f x lambda |
Crests & Troughs - A crest, or a peak, is defined as: The highest point on a wave above the equilibrium, or rest, position - A trough is defined as The lowest point on a wave below the equilibrium, or rest, position** |
- Where: - v = wave speed in metres per second (m/s) - f = frequency in Hertz (Hz) - λ = wavelength in metres (m) |
Amplitude - Amplitude is defined as: The distance from the undisturbed position to the peak or trough of a wave - It is given the symbol A and is measured in metres (m) - Amplitude is the maximum or minimum displacement from the undisturbed position |
Transverse Waves - Transverse waves are defined as: Waves where the points along its length vibrate at 90 degrees to the direction of energy transfer |
Wavelength - Wavelength is defined as: The distance from one point on the wave to the same point on the next wave - In a transverse wave: - The wavelength can be measured from one peak to the next peak - In a longitudinal wave - The wavelength can be measured from the centre of one compression to the centre of the next - The wavelength is given the symbol λ (lambda) and is measured in metres (m) - The distance along a wave is typically put on the x-axis of a wave diagram |
Longitudinal Waves - Longitudinal waves are defined as: Waves where the points along its length vibrate parallel to the direction of energy transfer |
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eiuhbogab, 22:14 10 Mar 23
good luck on ur gcses mate
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