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Basic Linux commands you should know
File Commands
ls – directory listing |
ls -al – formatted listing with hidden files |
cd [directory] - change directory to directory |
pwd – Print Working Directory |
mkdir [directory] – create a directory named directory |
rm [file_name] – delete filename |
rm -r [directory] – delete directory recursively |
rm -f [file_name] – force remove file |
rm -rf [directory] – force remove directory directory recursively * Use with care |
cp [file1 file2] – copy file1 to file2 |
mv [file1 file2] – rename or move file1 to file2 |
ln -s [file_name link] – create symbolic link to file |
touch [file_name] – create or update file |
cat > [file_name] – places standard input into file |
more [file_name] – output the contents of file |
head [file_name] – output the first 10 lines of file |
tail [file_name] – output the last 10 lines of file |
tail -f [file_name] – output the contents of file as it grows, starting with the last 10 lines |
chmod [octal file_name] change the permissions of file to octal |
Compression
tar cf [file_name.tar files] – create a tar named file_name.tar containing files |
tar xf [file_name.tar] – extract the files from file_name.tar |
tar czf [file_name.tar.gz files] – create a tar file with Gzip compression |
tar xzf [file_name.tar.gz] – extract a tar using Gzip |
tar xjf [file_name.tar.bz2] – extract a tar using Bzip2 |
gzip [file_name] – compresses file and renames it to file_name.gz |
gzip -d [file_name.gz] – decompresses file_name.gz back to file |
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System Information
date – show the current date and time |
cal – show this month's calendar |
uptime – show current uptime |
w – display who is online |
whoami – who you are logged in as |
finger user – display information about user |
uname -a – show kernel information |
cat /proc/cpuinfo – cpu information |
cat /proc/meminfo – memory information |
man command – show the manual for command |
df – show disk usage |
du – show directory space usage |
free – show memory and swap usage |
whereis [application_name] – show possible locations of binary, source, and manual page files for a command |
which [application_name] – show which application will be run by default |
Searching
grep [pattern files] – search for pattern in files |
grep -r [pattern directory] – search recursively for pattern in directory |
[command] | grep [pattern] – search for pattern in the output of command |
locate [file_name] – find all instances of file |
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Process Management
ps – (Process Status) displays your currently active processes |
top – (Table of Processes) display all running processes |
kill [pid] – kill process id pid |
killall [process_name] – kill all processes named [process_name] |
bg – lists stopped or background jobs; resume background job |
fg – brings the most recent job to foreground |
fg [n] – brings job id to the foreground |
Network
ping [host] – ping host and output results |
whois [domain] – get whois information for domain |
dig [domain] – get DNS information for domain |
dig -x [host] – reverse lookup host |
wget [file at URL] – download file from URL |
wget -c [file at URL] – continue a stopped download |
ssh [user@host] – connect to host as user |
ssh -p [port user@host] – connect to host on port port as user |
ssh-copy-id [user@host] – add your key to host for user to enable a keyed or login without password |
Shortcuts
Ctrl+C – halts the current command |
Ctrl+Z – stops the current command; resume with fg in the foreground or bg in the background |
Ctrl+D – log out of current session, similar to exit |
Ctrl+W – erases one word in the current line |
Ctrl+U – erases the whole line |
Ctrl+R – type to bring up a recent command |
!! - repeats the last command |
exit – log out of current session |
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