Biology Exam #1 Cheat Sheet (DRAFT) by NCousins

- There is a presence of order
- Depends on inheri­table material (DNA- all life uses the same DNA) for inherited instru­ctions

Structure what form that organism takes "­Ana­tom­y"
Function what the organism does "­Phy­sio­log­y"

- Bone Formation
- Fish Bone: solid, sturdy, strong
- Terres­trial Bone: hollow space inside (morrow cavity)
- Bird Bone: hollow, spaces filled with air. Maximum protec­tion, minimum weight

Both the organism and it's enviro­nment is changed

Ex: Tree. A tree is living and takes in water and materials, which are both non-li­ving. Then using sunlight (non-l­iving) and taking in CO2 using the chloro­phyll organelle it goes through a process of photos­ynt­hesis.

Homeos­tasis "­range of values­"

Ex: blood pressure, blood sugar, temper­ature, hormone regula­tions

Evolution implies the presence of an ancestral form for a related organism
ex: mammals- fur (hair)
Charles Darwin­:En­gland
- published in 1859 "­Origin of Species by Natural Select­ion­"
- Natura­lSe­lection - mechanism of evolution taking place
- HMS Beagle, Ship's naturalist <-- ship Darwin got on
- traveled for 5yrs around South American and came across the island Galapagos. He focused on Finches: the islands towards the equator (warmest) had finches with long narrow beaks for nectar sipping. In the middle islands (temperate climate) had "­nor­mal­" sized beaks for opening regular seeds. In the islands toward the arctic (coldest) had large, sturdy beaks for opening very heavy seed coats.
- It took Darwin 25 yrs to write the Theory of Evolution
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Fact 1: All species have great reprod­uctive potential
Fact 2: Most population remain the same size over time
Inference 1: production of more individual than the enviro­nment can support leads to a struggle for existence
only a fraction of each generation actual survives
Fact 3: Indivi­duals in a population vary
Fact 4: variations that you can see are inherited
Inference 2: survival is not a random survival of the fittest
Inference 3: Differ­ential reprod­uctive sucess (unequal abiity to survive) leads to gradual (gradu­alism) changes in a population over time(g­eol­ogist)
enviro­nment determines who survives

Atom
- protons (positive, in the nucleus, weight)
- neutron (neutral, in the nucleus, weight)
total weight is found in the nucleus
- electron ( negative, outside the nuclues, no weight)
--Atomic # : number of protons
--Atomic weight: (total number of protons and neutrons)
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* Atoms that are not chemically combined with other atoms they have electrical neutrality protons = electrons
* atoms all seek stability by having the maximum number of electrons in their outermost shell
* atoms will always do the easiest thing
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*Charged particles are called IONS
*Ionic bonds are the charac­ter­istic bond of inorganic chemistry (Strong Bonds)
- forms when the electrons are given off and received by another atoms
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If an atom has 1,2,or 3 electrons in the outermost shell it will give them up in order to become stable. If an atom has 5,6,or 7 electrons in the outermost shell then it will take on electrons in order to reach a stable state.
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No atom will give up its last electron, but it will share --> Covalent Bond
Ex: H20
- polar molecules are when there are a positively and negatively charged ends

Hydrogen bonds: tiny bonds, easily formed and easily broken (it gets strength in numbers, but when by itself it is weak)