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Biology Exam #1 Cheat Sheet (DRAFT) by

This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.

Properties of Life

Order
distin­ction, precise internal order
Evolut­ionary Adaption
changes that occurs over genera­tions
Response to the enviro­nment
living organisms can respond to non-living
Homeos­tatsis
range of values the body monitors, adjusts, and re-eva­luates. Ex: temper­ature, blood pressure, blood sugar, choles­terol levels
Energy Usage
being able to take in things (non-l­iving & living) and use energy
Growth & Develo­pment
Reprod­uction

To Study Biology

Reduct­ionism- start with a large problem and reduce it to several small things that can be studied easily. Ex: unders­tanding DNA: looked at bacteria --> lower plants & animals --> higher animals & plants --> humans (human genome project)

Systems Biology

attempt to understand how the parts of systems interact with one another. Deals with large and complex questions
Ex: muscle tissue - calcium is required for muscle contra­ction. What if you had too much calcium in your body? How would it effect all the proteins necessary for muscle contra­ction?

Studying Systems Biology

High throughput technology
computing capabi­lity. Ex: human genome project
Analyzing inform­ation
bioinf­orm­atics: power of a computer, modeling capabi­lity, statis­tical analysis
Interd­isc­ipl­inary team (vary on question)
Answering one question the team might need an engineer, biologist, chemist, medical specia­list, mathem­ati­cian, computer specia­lists, etc.

Order ( hierar­chy­;simple to complex)

Emergent Properties
At all levels of hierarchy; comparing with each level. Unique and unpred­ictable at each level
Atoms
unit of matter that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemistry means(no nuclear activity)
Biological molecules
carboh­ydr­ates, lipids, proteins
Organelles
tiny organ like mitoch­ondria, cytoplasm
Cells
smallest unit that has all charac­ter­istics of life
Tissue
many cells that have the same function and work together. Ex: blood
Organ
have many tissues that are operating for a common function
Organ System
many tissues & organs that function together
Organism
many systems together
Population
many members of a species in a single location
Community
many popula­tions in a single location
Ecosystem
many commun­ities intera­cting with the enviro­nment
Planetary View
Everything

Theme 2: Cells

Prokar­yotic Cells
have one organelle (ribos­ome). No membrane bound nucleus. Primitive cells (has DNA). Pro=come before karyon= kernel "­nuc­leu­s"
Eukaryotic Cells
Higher order cells. Lots of organe­lles. Eu= true karyon= kernel 'nuclu­es"
1665- Robert Hooke:­England
30X magnif­ication lens. Cork Cells (dead cells). gives the word "­cel­l"
Antone Von Leuwee­nhoek: Dutch
300-400X magnif­ication lens. Blood (large cells), Fish Sperm (large cells), Pus (white blood cells)
1838- Schleiden
Plants- botanist. "All plants are composed of cells"
1839 - Schwann
Animals- zoologist. " All animals are composed of cells"
Vircho­w:R­ussian
Cell Theory - All plants and animals are composed of cells and all of the functions of plants and animals take place inside cells and all hereditary molecules are contained within cells

Theme 3: Continuity (sameness over time) of Life

- There is a presence of order
- Depends on inheri­table material (DNA- all life uses the same DNA) for inherited instru­ctions
 

Theme 4: Structure and Function (Always related)

Structure what form that organism takes "­Ana­tom­y"
Function what the organism does "­Phy­sio­log­y"

- Bone Formation
- Fish Bone: solid, sturdy, strong
- Terres­trial Bone: hollow space inside (morrow cavity)
- Bird Bone: hollow, spaces filled with air. Maximum protec­tion, minimum weight

Theme 5: Organism Intera­cting with Enviro­nment

Both the organism and it's enviro­nment is changed

Ex: Tree. A tree is living and takes in water and materials, which are both non-li­ving. Then using sunlight (non-l­iving) and taking in CO2 using the chloro­phyll organelle it goes through a process of photos­ynt­hesis.

Theme 6: Regulatory Mechanisms

Homeos­tasis "­range of values­"

Ex: blood pressure, blood sugar, temper­ature, hormone regula­tions

Theme 7: Unity and Diversity of Organisms

Unity
Things that all organisms have in common. Ex: properties of life
Diversity of Organism
variation of life forms that exists
Domain
Largest. Three catego­ries: Domain bacteria (all modern bacteria), Domain archaea (bacteria with ancient lineage, descen­dants of 1st life), Domain eukarya (every­thing else)
Kingdoms
prokar­yotic vs. eukary­otic/ hetero­trophic vs. autotr­ophic/ multic­ellular vs. unicel­lular. Four catego­ries: protista, fungi, plantae, animalia
Protista
unicel­lular, eukary­otic, hetero­trophic or autotr­ophic, plant-like (algae), animal­-like (protozoa)
Fungi
molds, mildews, mushrooms, parasites on plants and animals. first multic­ellular kingdom, eukary­otic, neither autotr­ophic nor hetero­trophic they are absorptive feeders
Plantae
multic­ell­ular, eukary­oti­c,a­uto­trophic (all higher plants)
Animalia
multic­ell­ular, eukary­otic, hetero­trophic (all higher animals)
Phylum
Many phyla in a kingdom. 30 major phyla in animal kingdom. 30 minor phyla in animal kingdom (estim­ate).
Class
many classes within a phyla
Order
many orders within a class
Family
many families in an order
Genus
many genese in a family
Species
many species in a genus. True biological entity.
Genus + species
scientific name

Theme 8: Evolution - Darwin

Evolution implies the presence of an ancestral form for a related organism
ex: mammals- fur (hair)
Charles Darwin­:En­gland
- published in 1859 "­Origin of Species by Natural Select­ion­"
- Natura­lSe­lection - mechanism of evolution taking place
- HMS Beagle, Ship's naturalist <-- ship Darwin got on
- traveled for 5yrs around South American and came across the island Galapagos. He focused on Finches: the islands towards the equator (warmest) had finches with long narrow beaks for nectar sipping. In the middle islands (temperate climate) had "­nor­mal­" sized beaks for opening regular seeds. In the islands toward the arctic (coldest) had large, sturdy beaks for opening very heavy seed coats.
- It took Darwin 25 yrs to write the Theory of Evolution
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Fact 1: All species have great reprod­uctive potential
Fact 2: Most population remain the same size over time
Inference 1: production of more individual than the enviro­nment can support leads to a struggle for existence
only a fraction of each generation actual survives
Fact 3: Indivi­duals in a population vary
Fact 4: variations that you can see are inherited
Inference 2: survival is not a random survival of the fittest
Inference 3: Differ­ential reprod­uctive sucess (unequal abiity to survive) leads to gradual (gradu­alism) changes in a population over time(g­eol­ogist)
enviro­nment determines who survives
 

Theme 9: Scientific Method & Reprod­ucible Results

Scientific Method
varies as the scientists who use it. Observ­ation -> Hypothesis -> Experi­men­tation. You can never prove the hypothesis to be true, it can only be proven false. Science is open-ended (leaves space in science for new inform­ation also is self correc­ting). To write and formulate a hypothesis (If..then statement) requires inductive reasoning (specific to general)
Reprod­ucible Results
the experiment needs to be able to be repeated with the same equipment.
Fissim Reaction
split the atom, releasing a good amount of energy
Fussion reactions
reactions that takes place on surface of the sun and release a huge amount of energy.

Theme 10: Science and Society

Cloning, Diseases, Viruses, Genetics, Climate Change

Inorganic Chemistry

Atom
- protons (positive, in the nucleus, weight)
- neutron (neutral, in the nucleus, weight)
total weight is found in the nucleus
- electron ( negative, outside the nuclues, no weight)
--Atomic # : number of protons
--Atomic weight: (total number of protons and neutrons)
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* Atoms that are not chemically combined with other atoms they have electrical neutrality protons = electrons
* atoms all seek stability by having the maximum number of electrons in their outermost shell
* atoms will always do the easiest thing
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*Charged particles are called IONS
*Ionic bonds are the charac­ter­istic bond of inorganic chemistry (Strong Bonds)
- forms when the electrons are given off and received by another atoms
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If an atom has 1,2,or 3 electrons in the outermost shell it will give them up in order to become stable. If an atom has 5,6,or 7 electrons in the outermost shell then it will take on electrons in order to reach a stable state.
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No atom will give up its last electron, but it will share --> Covalent Bond
Ex: H20
- polar molecules are when there are a positively and negatively charged ends

Hydrogen bonds: tiny bonds, easily formed and easily broken (it gets strength in numbers, but when by itself it is weak)

Properties of Water

Surface Tension
skin on the surface of water. Ex: insect that can walk on water: the strength of the hydrogen bonds exceeds the weight of the bug
Capillary Action
water moving into fibers or into a straw. Adhesion: clinging of unlike molecules to each other (water to fiber). Cohesion: to cling like molecule to each other (water to water)
-Inhib­ition
water moving into wood (solid)
Specific Heat
very high for water, amount of heat it takes to raise the temp. of water. As you increase the temper­ature, you increase the rate of the molecular motion.
-Heat
the measure of the movement of molecules
Heat of Vapori­zation
for water is very high, amount of heat it takes to cause a change in the state (liquid, solid, gas) of water. Ability to break hydrogen bonds by adding heat to water so individual hydrogen molecules can go off the surface of the water (steam carrie heat away).
Freezing
individual water molecule