This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.
Definitions
Synthetic Drug |
A drug of human origin. Made in a lanratory rather than being extracted from a plant or other ecological source |
Medicinal Chemistry |
Branch of chemistry that is concerned with design, development and synthesis of pharmaceutical agents or medicines. Medicinal chemists find the relationship between the structure of a drug an its pharmacological or toxicological properties |
Animal Model |
A living, non-human species that is affected by a specific disease. Which is usually of relevance of human pathology. These animal models are used during the testing of new and unproven treatments for the diseases without initially involving actual humans suffering from the disease |
Pathogen |
An infectious agent that causes disease or illness in a host. |
Pathongenesis |
The development of a disease and the chain of cellular and tissue events leading to the manifestation of the disease in people. |
Human Safety Concerns
A drug that is safe for animal isn't always safe for humans |
Only 70% of drugs that are toxic on animals are toxic in humans |
Some animal organ model are inaccurate (i.e skin brain and liver models) |
Some toxic effects are hard to detect in animal models (hearing loss) |
Each animal has a different metabolising speed |
Classic Animal Models
Zucker Diabetic Rat and SHR Rat assisted in the search of drugs for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases |
German Pharmaceutical Industry / Coal
The widespread use of coal led to a vast quantity of coal tar. coal tar is rich with small organic molecules which can be used to build more complex ones. Germany dominated in creating synthetic drugs for several reasons
A) Establishment of in house research labs
B) Creation of partnerships between researchers and academic
C) Creation of partnerships between university departments and research students |
|
|
Examples of Animal Models
Chloral Hydrate (1869) |
By: Oscar Liebreich
Use: Sleep Inducing
Tested: Rabbits |
Barbitone
(1903) |
By: Emily Fischer
Use: Hypnotic Effect
Tested: Dogs |
Prontosil
(1935) |
By: Gerhard Domagk
Use: Streptococcus
Tested: Mice |
Phenytoin
(1936) |
By: Tracey Putnam
Use: Anticonvulsant
Tested: Cats |
Diphenhydramine (1943) |
By: Daniel Bovet
Use: Antihistamine
Tested: Guinea Pigs |
Librium
(1957) |
By: Leo Sternbach
Use: Tranquiliser
Tested: Mice, Cats, Dogs, Monkeys |
Ibuprofen
(1969) |
By: Stewart Adams
Use: Anti-inflammatory
Tested: Rabbits |
Omeprazole
(1979) |
By: Astra
Use: Heartburn
Tested: Rats, Dogs |
Disease Relevance Issues
Animal Models can never be truly precise and indicative of human disease |
Drugs that work on Animal Models don't always work on Humans |
Some diseases are too complex to reproduce in animals |
Paul Ehrlich
Father of Chemotherapy |
Born in Silesia |
Worked with synthetic dies |
Noted that some dyes entered certain tissues but not others |
Led to the theory that chemicals can be designed to selectively enter certain tissues |
"magic bullet theory" |
|
|
Stages of Syphilis
Infection |
Bacteria T.Pallidum enters host |
First stage |
Firm and painless skin lesions at site of infection. |
Second Stage |
Skin rash, Swollen lymph nodes, Sore throat, Pathy hair loss, headaches, Weight loss, Muscle aches |
Latent |
Symptoms may subside for months or years |
Final Stage |
Deterioration of cardiovascular system. May result in dementia or blindness |
Ethical Concerns
Refinement |
Minimise suffering to individual animal's experience |
Reduction |
Only use as many animals as needed
Reduce number of tests
test multiple things at once |
Replacement |
Find alternate testing Methods |
Disease Model Testing
Compound Libraries |
A large set of structurally similar molecules
by testing each one we can identify related molecules with similar properties |
Animal Models |
A safe way to identify promising drugs
used to screen compound libraries |
Trained Investigators |
Impartial unbiased scientifically trained observers |
Disease Biomarkers |
A measurable indicator of a disease
used for diagnostic purposes |
There is no 100% safe way to test a drug
Compound 606
Dr hata tested a compound library on rabbits. The 606th compound was effective. Named arsphenamine or salvarsan
It was hard to dissolve in water and was unstable. it had to be prepare onsite and injection was painful. 25-30 injections were needed. |
|
