Cheatography
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Population Ecology & Distribution of Organisms,
This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.
Population Ecology & Distribution of Organisms,
ecology |
study of interactions between organisms and the environment |
organismal |
structure, physiology, behavior, evolutionary vs environmental challenges {{width=60}} |
population |
factors that affect pop. size {{width=60}} |
community |
interactions between species vs comm. structure & organization |
ecosystem |
energy flow & chemical cycling between organisms & environment |
ecosystem = community of organisms in an area and the physical factors with which they interact |
landscape |
factors controlling exchanges of energy, materials, organism across multiple ecosystems |
landscape/seascape = mosaic of connected ecosystems |
global |
biosphere, or global ecosystem; influence of energy & materials on organisms across the biosphere |
biosphere = sum of all the planet's ecosystems & landscapes |
abiotic factors |
nonliving chemicals & physical attributes of environment
ex. temp., precipitation, sunlight, wind |
biotic factors |
organisms that make up the living component of environment |
Global Climate Patterns
patterns are largely determined by solar energy and the planet's movement in space
warming effect of sun = various temperatures --> evaporation, circulation of air/water
laditudinal variations in climate
Latitudinal Variation in Sunlight Intensity
• caused by shape of Earth
•sunlight strikes tropic regions between 23.5° north and 23.5° south latitude, most directly
•main reason polar regions are cooler is sunlight strikes poles at lower angles
Climate
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Affected by: •seasonality
•large bodies of water
•mountain ranges
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Seasonality •caused by the tilt of the Earth's axis of rotation & its annual passage around the sun
•strong seasonla cycles in day length, solar radiation, temperate
•changing angle of the sun affects local environments
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Bodies of Water •moderate climate of nearby terrestrial environments
•during the day, air rises over warm land and draws a cool breeze from the water across the land
•at night, the land cools, air rises over warm water and draws cooler air from land back over the water, which is replaced by warmer air from offshore
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Large Bodies of Water & Mountains on Climate
Biomes
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a biome is a type of ecosystem • a community of organisms with certain abiotic environmental conditions
•major life zones characterised by vegetation type in terrestrial biomes or by physical environment in aquatic biomes
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○ ecotone - area of intergradation
○ climograph - plots annual mean temp. & precipitation
○ disturbance - removes organisms, alters resources
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on land, what determines where biomes are located? |
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CLIMATE & TERRESTRIAL BIOMES • latitudinal patterns in terrestrial biomes reflect the latitudinal patterns on climate
• temperature & precipitation affect terrestrial biomes
• climate determines vegetation type and limits the distribution of terrestrial biomes
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TERRESTRIAL BIOMES •characterized by vertical layering (upper canopy, lower tree) = diverse habitat
• no sharp boundaries
‣ tropical forest
‣ savanna
‣ deserts
‣ others...
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AQUATIC BIOMES • characterized by physical & chem environment, geological features, photosynthetic organisms, & heterotrophs)
• stratified into vertical & horizontal zones
light intensity decrease with depth
vertical zones:
➤ upper photic zone - plenty of light for photosynthesis
➤ lower aphotic zone - little light
➤ pelagic zone (photic + aphotic)
➤ benthic zone - (bottom pelagic) organic & inorg. sediment [benthos = communities]
thermocline separates warm upper layer from cold deeper water _____________________________
horizontal zones:
➤ littoral - shallow, near shore, rooted plants
➤ limnetic zone - away from shore, too deep for rooted plants
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Interactions Between Organisms & Environment
Interactions Between Organisms & Environment
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