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Alvl P1: materials (ch8) Cheat Sheet (DRAFT) by

aqa A-level physics Year 1 (yr12) materials : chapter 8

This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.

Laws/D­efi­nit­ion­s/E­qua­tions

Hookes Law
force and extension are directly propor­tional under constant physical conditions
F
kx (where k is spring constant and x is extension)
elastic potential
1/2 Fx = 1/2kx2
for a force-­ext­ension graph:
area under graph > energy
gradient > spring constant

springs

for two springs in
k
extension
series
halved
extends more
parallel
doubled
extends less

Young modulus

every material has its own young modulus.

Ym = stress / strain

ΔL ∝ 1/A ∝ 1/d2


an object that has reached limit of propor­tio­nality will still return to its original state. only the force/­ext­ension will not be propor­tional

an object that has reached the limit of elasticity will not return to its original shape

ductile: large plastic region
brittle: high energy, no plastic region

ultimate tensile stress: maximum stress it can withstand before breaking
= maximum load / original area

Force/­stress - extens­ion­/strain graphs:
(f-x and s-s graphs)
-the gradient is the energy (more g more e)

- the loading curve for example, is a straight line up to the limit of propor­tio­nality.
- after this point the unloading curve is underneath this
- the enclosed area created is the energy lost as heat during the processes