Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics Cheat Sheet (DRAFT) by morningdew23

- Forbidden

- In some cases, dietary rules are thought to be a result of health consid­era­tions or other practical reasons.

“batcha” “pagpag” “doubl­e-dead meat”

1. Republic Act No. 8485 - declares that it is completely "­illegal to slaughter a dog or cat for personal trade or slaugh­tering a dog or cat for commercial trade and consum­ption.

3. Any food that violates human dignity because they are not anymore acceptable for human consum­ption by public opinion. Such are like the "­dou­ble­-dead meat" or "­bot­cha­" pork, beef and chicken meat coming from previously already dead animals butchered to be sold for human consum­ption at signif­icantly low prices compared to the fresh ones. Another is the "­pag­pag­" which are food that are left over chicken or pork from restau­rants salvaged and remade into another dish.

- The Filipino term "­ist­amb­ay" is derived from the English idiom "on standb­y". Istambay is a localized version of standby, which over the years has developed a set of peculiar charac­ter­istics that signify a particular subsector in Philippine society.

- Political dynasties which refer to families whose members are engaged in politics have been in the Philippine political structure since the past.

- Opposition – inherent decision of democracy

- or simply texting can be done by composing and sending electronic messages from one person to another using mobile phones or portable devices over a phone network.

- It also deals with the origin evolution and develo­pment of human society.

➢ Social Organi­zation

- Includes the study of social groups, social instit­utions, social strati­fic­ation, mobility, ethnic relations, and bureau­cracy.

➢ Social Change, Social Organi­zation and Social Disorg­ani­zation

- Deals with the study of changes in the society and culture and the factors resulting from such change. It also studies crime, delinq­uency, family conflict, poverty, subver­sion, unempl­oyment and a wide range of current social issues and problems.

➢ Population

- Is concerned with population size, compos­ition, change and quality and on how they influence the economic political, and social systems.

- Anthro­pology draws and builds upon knowledge from the social biological sciences as well as the humanities and physical sciences to understand the full sweep and complexity of cultures across all of human history.

➢ Cultural Anthro­pology

- Studies human cultures, beliefs, ideas, techno­logies, economies, practices, values, and other spheres of social and rational organi­zation. This branch is primarily based on cultural unders­tanding gained through actual experi­ences, or partic­ipant observ­ations of human popula­tions.

➢ Archae­ology

- Studies both the ancient and recent past of humans through the material remains such as artifacts, fossils, and bone fragments.

➢ Applied Anthro­pology

- Deals with the applic­ation of facts, perspe­ctives, theories and procedures in identi­fying, assessing, and solving social problems.

Study of the state and govern­ment. It is concerned about policies of the govern­ment.

- It deals compre­hen­sively with the theory and practice of politics it also focuses on the political systems, political behavior and political culture.

- Government – represent the state

➢ Compar­ative Politics

- Deals with the incisive evaluation and comparison of the doctrines of various consti­tut­ions, of political actors, legisl­ature and other allied fields.

• Unitary System

➢ Intern­ational Relations

- Delve on nation: state's intera­ctions including interg­ove­rnm­ental and transn­ational organi­zation. A huge deal.

highest law

Ordinance is uncons­tit­utional

➢ Political Method­ology

- Focuses on the quanti­tative methods used in the study of politics combining statis­tics, mathem­atics and formal theory.

- Even before sociology was born there have been many concepts developed focusing on human society. In the beginning of human civili­zation, early philos­ophers have already dealt with society, looking into its structure in the attempt to solve its variety of problems that emerge every time. Social philos­ophers have already predicted, since then, that a study on behavior would someday emerge.

- In his work “Politics” Aristotle (384-322 BC) stated that man is self-s­uff­icient and that those who are unable to live in society and have no needs in life must be either "­bea­sts­" or "­god­s."

- In his master­piece Utopia, (1516), Sir Thomas More (1468-­1535) coined the word "­uto­pia­" that refers to the ideal, imaginary island nation whose political system he described.

During the pre-in­dus­trial society, the main economic activity is food production carried out through the utiliz­ation of human and animal labor. Partic­ularly, these societies are subdivided according to their level of technology and their method of producing food.

❖ Pastoral Society

- The prevailing method food production during this period is through pastor­alism, slightly more efficient than the subsis­tence method. Instead of searching for food on a daily basis, the members of a pastoral society depend on domest­icated herd of animals to meet their need for food.

❖ Agrarian Society

Societies which applied agricu­ltural techno­logical advances to cultivate crops over a large area. Sociol­ogists use the phrase agricu­ltural revolution to describe this period about 8,500 years ago, charac­terized this period to the techno­logical changes that occurred leading to extensive cultiv­ation of crops and raising of farm animals.

- A new economic system emerged between the 15th and 16th centuries began to replace feudalism. This is capita­lism, the predom­inant economic system of industrial societies. Capita­lism, charac­terized by free compet­ition, free market and the right to acquire private property, emerged.

- Charac­terized by mass production of all essential products such that the subsis­tence level of food production is now a thing of the past. Products are sold in markets in large quanti­ties. A new commodity— exchange, trade and commerce have become more efficient.

“The way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs, of a particular group of people at a particular time.” - The Cambridge English Dictionary

- refers to all that man has made for himself through time, material or non-ma­terial, still useful or not anymore, all to provide benefits for his society.

✓ Culture is learned.

✓ Culture is adaptive.

✓ Culture is symbolic

- deals with the intang­ibles including values, norms, beliefs, tradit­ions, and customs that collec­tively hold a society and shape indivi­duals as they interact within society.

- are man’s perception about the reality of things and are shared ideas about how the world and his enviro­nment operate. Beliefs are influenced by emotions, attitudes, values, ideology, and religion.

- are society’s standard of morality, conduct, propriety, ethics, and legality. Norms vary according to age, gender, religion, politics, economics, ethnicity, or race to the group.

- comprise man’s concepts of his physical, social and cultural world as manifested in people’s beliefs and values.

- It is a theore­tical perspe­ctive that examines the way partic­ipants in the social­ization choose and agree on the meaning symbols. This perspe­ctive holds that humans are symbol­man­ipu­lating and are capable of creative behavior.

- Is another theore­tical perspe­ctive, which originated primarily out of Karl Marx’s writings on class struggles, presents society in a different light than do the functi­onalist and symbolic intera­cti­onist perspe­ctives.

- Is an intera­cti­onist perspe­ctive that analyzes human behavior in much the same way that a person would analyze the presen­tation of play to the audience.

– a system of commun­ication used by particular society. It is the most important tool of verbal commun­ication and it is where cultural differ­ences play it roles.

- which refers to the aggregated of persons of groups of persons exercising control and authority in the society.

- A unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things. Its structural features include a body of ideas beliefs, doctrines, ritual, and ceremo­nies.

- all people in the world have the same biological needs, namely food, clothing, shelter, and health care.

- All human beings are alike in having similar ranges of emotion - the need for love, security, and language.

- Every society in the world is unique from one another. Everyone has his own cultural practices, values and interests. Each culture has its distinct features and charac­ter­istics.

B. Differ­ences in geogra­phical charac­ter­istics like climate, topogr­aphy, or soil condition.

- The principle of regarding the beliefs, values, and practices of a culture from the viewpoint of that culture itself.

- refers to any learnt behavior (knowl­edge, attitudes, customs and ideas) that is passed from one generation to the next by learning.

- is a branch that deals with the biological origins and evolution of man, variations of human species and their physical charac­ter­istics, including the study of different races.

- is when the dating is more precise consid­ering it can be narrowed to a bracket of within years.

- Carbon-14 dating, also called radioc­arbon dating, it is a method of age determ­ination that depends upon the decay to nitrogen of radioc­arbon (carbon 14). This method was developed by a nuclear physicist Willard F. Libby.

- Is the most accurate and reliable procedure at present. It is done through radiogenic isotope facility. It is used to date the age of Callao man of the Philip­pines (67,000 years old.)

science that comprises the study of earth, its rock compos­ition and the process of changes.

✓ Era-is divided by time blocks; it is a change on earth distinct created by an event and ended by other.

✓ Caused by earth condit­ions.

▪ PALEOZOIC

▪ CENEZOIC

✓ Tertiary period - is also called Age of Mammals. It is was the beginning of Cenozoic era which started at 65million BC and lasted for 63 million years.

✓ Modern man first appeared 500.000 BC.

- Those indivi­duals who possess superior physical, behavi­oral, or other attributes are more likely to survive than those which are not so well endowed.

– looks at human being at both biological and cultural perspe­ctives. Man, as an animal underwent to the process of biological evolution and has shared charac­ter­istics with other animals in the past, partic­ularly what we called “homin­ids”.

- Man who has adapted well to changes in the enviro­nment was able to develop a brain that is capable of rational charac­ter­istics where he can be able to develop culture that resulted to the changes of behavior.

- the Miocene was a period of enviro­nmental conditions highly favorable to arboreal primates, with a mild climate, moist and wetter than at present. Rain forests covered most of Asia, Africa and Europe.

- is the first fossils of the great apes to be discovered it had a large brain and could stand like a chimpa­nzee.

SIZE AND WEIGHT: About four feet long and 25 pounds

DISTIN­GUI­SHING CHARAC­TER­ISTICS: Moderate size: long front arms: chimpanzee Like head

- The best preserved and best known Dryoph­itecus is the Dryopi­thecus Africanus. It is a small-­brained compared to human. They got about to the tree Swinging by branches rather than walking.

HISTORICAL EPOCH: Middle Miocene (15 10 million years ago)

DIET: Leaves

- They had the look and feature similar of a gibbon. Its skeleton & teth suggest they are relatives of gibbon and Siamangs.

HISTORICAL EPOCH: Early Miocene (23 17 million years ago)

DIET: Omnivorous

- Considered to be very early ape. viewed ancestor of chimpanzee and gorillas.

▪ NAME: OREOPI­THECUS (Greek for "­mou­ntain ape"); pronounced ORE-ee­-oh­-pi­th-­ECK-US

SIZE AND WEIGHT: About 4 feet tall and 50-75 pounds

DISTIN­GUI­SHING CHARAC­TER­ISTICS: Longer arms than legs: monkey­-like feet

- It is said that oreopi­thecus suggest to walk and distin­ctively had high pelvis.

HISTORICAL EPOCHE: Middle­-Late Miocene (12 – 7 million years ago)

DIET: Plants

- Former discov­eries gave it name

- Teeth, jaws and palate are human like – making scientists think of it as hominid status

PLIOCENE HOMINOIDS

– the Hominids close relatives of humans. The Austra­lop­hitecus is an extinct genus of hominids that has evolved in Eastern Africa around for million years ago. It spread across the continent until two million years before they become extinct.

- Is an extinct hominid that lived between 2.9 to 3.9 million years ago.

- The fossils Lucy found by Donald Johanson is the most complete and oldest hominid dated 3.2 m years.

- It is also believed to be both tree and land dwellers.

- Named as The South Ape of Africa­"

- Human like posture based on the fossils found in year 1942 at Taung lime line.

-First discovered in 1938 and was called Parant­hropus

- Close relative of Robustus, same brain size but a better one

- First hominid to use stone tools.

– Man alone is a rational animal. He alone has art or aesthetic applic­ation. Man has a language while other animals may commun­icate. Language is unique to a man. He can bring ideas that make, create, and invent tools or thing he needs to create CULTURE.

- Is believed to be the first of the “great ape” type creatures to have evolved into Homo (man).

- Is believed to be the first creature to stand fully upright.

- Based on fossil found in Africa, it existed 400,000 years ago

o Bipedal stance and gait

o High forehead

o Define chin

- Early homo sapiens used simple techno­logy. Their tools were in form of chipped stone which sharpened to be used as simple knife.

- Their shelters were make-shift shelters if natural cave is not available.

- It pertains to one's nation­ality, ethnicity, religion, social class, genera­tion, locality or any kind of social group that has its own distinct culture.

- Is a condition in which a social group belongs to a common natiso­cioonal or cultural tradition, other traits in common.

- Indivi­dual’s upbringing and identity.

- Refers to the personal traits and social roles of the male and female members of society.

➢ A person may experience identity crisis when he/she does not accept or understand his/her sexuality or is unable to understand his/her status.

- A personal or family's financial and social esteem on the basis of income, education, and occupa­tion.

- Refers to the status of every individual from the sociol­ogical and economic points of view.

- You can be poor but have high social status.

**EARLY HUMANS AND THEIR CULTURE

- Synonyms: anthro­pom­orphic, anthro­poid, humanoid, hominid “in human form”.

– the aggregate of the people’s:

▪ Beliefs

▪ Languages

▪ Technology

o Paleol­ithic Era ended in 9600 BC with the end of Ice Age

o During the Paleol­ithic Age, the hunter­-ga­therer was nomadic.

o Created "cave art"

o The oldest recogn­izable tools are stone choppers made almost 1 million years ago.

o Near the end of the Paleol­ithic Age, the humans started to make shelters, wear sewn clothes, and built sculpt­ures.

o With the termin­ation of the Neolithic Age, the Stone Age came to an end in 2500 BC.

o Permanent settle­ments were a major step in the advance of civili­zation.

o Supplied the most useful metal known during the third and second millennia B.C. It replaced (primarily cold-h­amm­ered) copper and stone as the metal of choice for tools, weapons, and art.

• Sumerians in Mesopo­tamia

• Minoans of Crete

- Is the period where the humanity left pre-hi­story and entered into history with the formation of modern society.

▪ A member of a political community must be able to intern­alize the preamble of the consti­tution by heart.

▪ It is the status of character being a CITIZEN.

▪ Being a citizen necess­arily entails assertions of one's rights and privileges and conversely an unwavering perfor­mance of his duties and obliga­tions to the govern­ment.

The CONSTI­TUTION recognizes the HUMAN RIGHTS of every citizen as enumerated with the BILL OF RIGHTS.

• Civil Rights

• Economic Rights

– INHERENT to all Human Being what ever our nation­ality, sex, ethnic, origin, etc. We are all equally entitled without discri­min­ation.

• Treaties

• General principles and other sources of intern­ational laws

The Intern­ational Human Rights Law lays down OBLIGA­TIONS of the government to ACT in a certain way or to REFRAIN from certain acts in order to promote and protect human rights and fundam­ental freedoms of indivi­duals or groups.

• Every member of the society DESERVES human dignity

MORAL, ETHICAL, LEGAL, and POLITICAL discus­sions use the concept of DIGNITY

• As a citizen we always think of the promotion of the COMMON GOOD or GENERAL WELFARE

• Willing to sacrifice his individual interests for the collective good of the nation. He remembers his civic duties and serves his country despite any discomfort such a course might bring.

• Good citizens are familiar with politics and keep the government accoun­table by staying on top with its latest procee­dings.

• Respon­sible citizens respect the rights and opinions of others and do not use for or abuse government to silence people who have different views because such actions subvert a free society.

– Is exercised by the secondary groups like tradit­ions, customs, instit­utions etc.

– include criticism, gossip, punish­ment, and ostracism.

- Is the unwritten rules and regulation charac­terized by informal authority like criticism, sociab­ility, and public opinion.

- Deviant behavior suggests that what defines deviances is the action of others or by the actors themse­lves.

– is defines as the recognized violation of cultural norms.

- is the process whereby the indivi­dual's behavior is modified to conform to the expect­ation of the group.

-The infant grab things and brings them directly to the mouth. The main thought of the infant survival.

- At this stage, the social­ization of man is incomp­lete.

-This implies the assimi­lation of behavior, attitudes, and values the society considers necessary and important to the well-being of the group.

-This when you become you.

- The tradit­ional behavior or way of life of a particular community or group of people.

EXAMPLES OF FILIPINO FOLKWAYS: Mano Po (Blessing of the hand/ means "­rig­ht" [opposite of "­lef­t"] and “po” is a word you say to show respect. A gesture where the younger shows respect to the elder.

- It is also a custom provided in the Philip­pines to mean respect for older people.

- It is a Filipino term taken from the word bayan referring to a nation, town, or community. The whole term bayanihan refers to a spirit of communal unity or effort to achieve a particular objective

- It is an old Filipino courtship tradition of serenading women, probably a Spanish influence.

- From the word panhik [which means to ascend stairs], is “the asking for the girls parents permission to wed the affianced pair”. The custom symbolizes honor, seeking their blessings and approval before getting married.

- Mores is defined as the unspoken but understood norms of a community or society.

- Are penalties or other means of enforc­ement used to provide incentives for obedience with the law, or with rules and regula­tion.

• Come in unfavo­rable or favorable public opinion, giving or withdr­awing of support, or gossip.

• May be in the nature of getting high academic ratings, award in schools, promotion or salary increase for employees, certif­ication of merits or other citation fort achiev­ement.

• Address the feeling and emotions of a person.

• Negative psycho­logical sanctions are found in insults and reject­ions.

o Ascribed

- status that is assigned to an individual from birth.

- Refers to the functional and dynamic aspect of the status.

- A socially expected behavior pattern usually determined by an indivi­dual's status, in a particular society.

– are cultural standards that indicate the general good deemed desirable for organized social life.

• Refers to how the individual actually behaves while occupying the status.

• Refers to the indivi­duals repertoire (list) of perfor­mances towards variety of others while he/she occupies a given status.

o Societies categorize their members into males and females and each is viewed as a distinct sex or gender.

– has been defined as two or more people who interact with one another, share similar charac­ter­istics, and collec­tively have a sense of unity.

▪ Each member identifies with the group and is recognized as part of the group by the other members.

▪ There is specia­liz­ation, or role in their activities which is carried out by the members of the group.

o Neighb­orhood

– a district, especially one forming a community within a town or city, are often social commun­ities with face to face intera­ction among members.

o Peer Group

– a group of people of approx­imately the same age, status, and interests, with a loosely organized struct­ured; often called “gang” “barkada” or “tropa”.

o Function of Secondary Group

– Since secondary groups are establish to perform functions, people’s roles are more interc­han­geable. A secondary group is one you have chosen to be a part of.

• Workers in an office

• Athletic Team

o Sense of Belong­ingness

o Mutual Social Behavior

o Strang­eness

o Dislike

– formed to fulfill the feeling of compan­ion­ship.

o German term for “commu­nity”

o German term for “society”

– most reference groups are informal, which means that they are based on the group members’ shared interests and goals. Informal groups are not structured with a specific goal in mind. Group members interact on a very personal level. Examples of informal reference groups include:

o A group of local mothers

– have a specific goal or mission. They also have a specific structure and positions of authority. Examples of formal reference groups include:

o Mensa, a society for people with high IQ

1. They serve a normative function by setting and enforcing standards of conduct and belief.

2. They also perform a comparison function by serving as a standard against which people can measure themselves and others.

– are the various types of connec­tions between these nodes. Ties are assessed in terms of strength. Loose connec­tions, like mere acquai­nta­nces, are called weak ties. Strong ties, like family bonds are called strong ties.

– is the study of how people, organi­zations or groups interact with others inside their network. Unders­tanding the theory is easier when you examine the individual pieces starting with the largest element, which is networks, and working down to the smallest element which is the actor.

– are closed networks by default. Two common­ly-used examples of this type of network are children in a classroom or workers inside an organi­zation.

– is the collective of online commun­ica­tions channels dedicated to commun­ity­-based input, intera­ction, content- sharing, and collab­ora­tion.