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Sexual and Asexual Reproduction (Chen, Science 9)
Asexual ReproductionCell Cycle | How eukaryotic cells divide asexually | Binary Fission | How prokaryotic cells divide asexually | Spore Formation | Parent cell produces spores that grow and develop under favourable conditions (i.e. yeast) | DNA Replication | DNA replicates, unwinds with the help of an enzyme, then attaches to a new base | DNA Location | Nucleus; in the form of chromatin | Nucleotide Pattern | AxT, CxG | Stages of Cell Cycle | Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis | Asexual Reproduction Disadvantages | Negative mutations/bad conditions can wipe out colonies; offspring can compete for food/space | Asexual Reproduction Advantages | Lots of offspring, quickly; Colonies can form quickly and compete with others; No energy to find a mate |
Sexual ReproductionSexual Reproduction Advantages | Genetic variety; ext. means little energy used to find a mate; Intrnl. means protection given to embryo/zygote | Sexual Reproduction Disadvantages | Intrnl.= more energy to find a mate; Intrnl.=less offspring; ext.= gametes/embryos/zygotes aren't protected | Gametes | Use meiosis to reproduce; have 23 chromosomes; are sex cells | Morula | Embryo at the end of week 1; a ball of cells | Blastula | embryo at the end of week 2; hollow ball of cells; these cells turn into gastrula later | Gastrula | 3 layers of cells: ectoderm (skin/nerves), mesoderm (muscle/bones), endoderm (lungs/liver/digestive system lining) | Differentiation | Formation of organs and tissues from the cell layers of gastrula | Meiosis | How gametes reproduce; makes 4 cells | Embryo | The stage of a multi-cellular organism that develops from a zygote | Embryonic Development | The early development of an organism | Homologous Chromosomes | A pair of matching chromosomes (eye color, skin colour, etc.) | Fertilization | When an egg cell is penetrated by a sperm cell and the haploid genetic information of both male and female gametes combines | Angiosperms | Flowering plants that have seeds protected by an ovary or fruit | Gymnosperms | A plant with seeds unprotected by an ovary or fruit (i.e. conifers) | Crossing Over | Chromatids of chromosomes pairs cross over and exchange DNA segments, producing genetic variation (during prophase I) | Independent Assortment | Homologous pairs separate independently, creating different combinations of chromosomes in the daughter cells (during Metaphase I) |
| | GenesGene Mutation | Substitution, deletion, addition; mutagens or viruses can cause them | Genetic Disorders | A disease caused by failed separation of chromosomes in Meiosis | Karyotype | How geneticists view someone's chromosomes |
| | Stages of MeiosisMeiosis I | Homologous chromosomes are involved | Prophase I | Spindle fibres form, pushing centrioles apart; nuclear membrane/nucleus dissolves; homologous chromosomes pair; crossing over occurs | Metaphase I | Spindle fibres guide chromosomes to the equator of the cell; homologous pairs line up on 2 sides of the equator | Anaphase I | Homologous pairs separate to opposite poles of the cell | Telophase I | 2 nuclei/nuclear membrane forms; spindle fibres disappear; one chromosome from each homologous pair is at each pole of the cell | Meiosis II | 2 cells separate again, resulting in 4 cells | Prophase II | Spindle fibres form; nuclear membrane/nucleus dissolves; There is 1 homologous pair in the cell (2 chromosomes in total) | Metaphase II | X-shaped chromosomes form 1 line at the equator of the cell | Anaphase II | Sister chromatids move to opposite poles of cell; sister chromatids are now considered a chromosome | Telophase II | Spindle fibres disappear; nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes |
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