This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.
Main Idea
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What is the Big Idea of Chapter 21? Hydrocarbons are molecules composed of only carbon and hydrogen and are unreactive until they get a functional groups. These functional groups can participate in multiple types of reactions. Because of these reactions, materials can be synthesized both naturally and industrially.
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Hydrocarbons
Alkanes |
saturated molecule made from only carbon and hydrogen |
Alkenes |
unsatured double bonded molecule with hydrogen and carbon |
Alkynes |
unsaturated triple bond molecule with hydrogen and carbon |
Aromatics |
a ring structure that has benzene as its base |
Functional Groups
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What are alcohols(primary,secondary,tertiary) R-OH
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What are carboxylic acids? R-COOH
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What are ketones R-CO-R
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What are aldehydes? R-CHO
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What are esters? R-COO-R
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What are ethers? R-O-R
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Types of Rxn
Types of Reactions |
Description |
Hydrogenation Rxn |
The double bond is broken and hydrogen is added to the backbone.NOTE:This is not limited to only H2 |
Halogentation |
The double bond is broken and a halogen is added to the carbon backbone |
Substitution |
Alkanes undergo a reaction where halogens replace hydrogen atoms |
Dehydrogenation |
Hydrogen atoms are removed in order to produce a unsaturated hydrocarbon |
Esterification |
A carboxylic acid combines with an alcohol to form an ester |
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Synthetic Polymers
Addition Polymers |
Polymers formed by adding monoers together by breaking a double bond.Characterized by not missing any atoms |
Condensation Polymers |
Polymers formed by adding monomers together by emitting a small molecule usually water.Characterized by double bonds |
Natural Polymers
PROTEIN |
CARBOHYDRATES |
DNA |
monomer is amino acid |
monomer is glucose |
monomer is nuclotide(5 ring sugar,phosophate backbone, and nitrogen organic base) |
Three structures:primary,tertiary,and secondary |
formed by condensation rxn. |
OH group on sugar=>RNA |
Formed by condensation rxn. |
Carbon backbone |
H group on sugar=>DNA |
Transcription and Translation make proteins |
Glycoside linkage holds two sugars together(C-O-C) |
phosophate backbone |
Peptide bond holds amino acids together |
Organic Reactions
Oxidation reactions for organic compounds occur when electronegative atoms are added or hydrogen is removed
reduction reactions for organic compounds occur when electronegative atoms are removed or hydrogen is added
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