Show Menu
Cheatography
  1. Home >
  2. Education >

Biologee Final Page Real Cheat Sheet (DRAFT) by

Cheat sheet for AP bio midterm at summit

This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.

Unit 1

Transfer of electrons from one atom to another atom forms ion.
Organic chemistry is the study of compounds with covalently bonded carbon.
Carbon can form large molecules called macrom­ole­cules, this means there can be more molecular diversity thanks to carbon.
Carboh­ydrates inculde both sugars and polymers of sugars.
Proteins are molecules consisting of polype­ptides folded into a 3D shape
Nucleic acids are polymers made of nucleotide monomers
Hydrogen atoms are partially positive and in one polar covalent molecule will be attracted to an electr­one­gative atom in another covalent molecule electrons will not be shared equally, this is called a hydrogen bond.
Organic compounds are compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen.
The four classes of macrom­ole­cules inculde: Carboh­ydr­ates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids
Carboh­ydrates contain a carbonyl group and many hydroxyl groups that are comprised of C, H, and O
Proteins are comprised of C, H, O, N, and S
Nucleic acids are used to store, transmit, and express hereditary inform­ation
The hydrogen bonds between water molecules make it more structured than most liquids, this allows for things such as surface tension.
Carbon can form single, double, or triple covalent bonds.
Along with carbon, nitrogen is an important element for building proteins and nucleic acids. Phosphorus is important for building nucleic acids and some lipids.
Monosa­cch­arides are simple sugars that have molecular formulas with multiple units of CH2O
The shape of a protein determines its function
Nucleic acids can be either DNA or RNA
Water molecules move a lot.
Carbon can form covalent bonds with other carbons.
Polymers are chain-like macrom­ole­cules of similar or identical repeating units that are covalently bonded together.
The most common monosa­cch­aride is glucose, which is used by many cells for nutrients and fuel, it is also used in cellular respir­ation
The monomer of a protein is called and amino acid, they contain an amino group, a carboxyl group, a central carbon atom, and an r chain, the r chain can change depending on what protein the amino acid is.
Nucleic acids consist of three parts, a nitrog­enous base, a five carbon sugar, and phosphate group(s).
Water is a polar molecule due to the unequal sharing of electrons inside it
Hydroc­arbons are organic molecules only consisting of hydrogen and carbon.
Monomers are the repeating units that make up polymers.
Monosa­cch­arides can be building blocks for amino acids, or as monomers for di- and polysa­cch­arides
Side chains of amino acids can be Nonpolar (hydro­pho­bic), Polar (hydro­phi­llic), or Charge­d/ionic (hydro­philic)
There are two types of nitrog­enous base, pyrimi­dines and purines.
Cohesion is the attraction of molecules to other molecules of the same type.
  
Dehydr­ation reactions are the bonding of two molecules with the loss of water.
Disacc­harides are two monosa­cch­arides joined bo covalent bonds, polysa­cch­arides are a polymers with many monosa­cch­arides joined by dehydr­ation reactions
The intera­ction of side chains with each other is what determines the shape and function of a protein
Pyrimi­dines have one ring with 6 atoms while purines have one ring with 6 atoms bonded to one ring with 5 atoms.
The properties of water include: Adhesion, the clinging ofd one molecule to a different molecule, which allows water to stick to the wall of xylem and resist gravity, Capillary action, The upward movement of water due to the forces of cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension. This phenomenon occurs when adhesion is greater than cohesion. Temper­ature Control, water has a high specific heat, meaning it can resist changes in temper­ature. Evapor­ative cooling, water cools things when evapor­ating. Floating Ice, as water solidifies it becomes less dense because of the crysta­lline structure formed by the hydrogen bonds.
  
Hydrolysis is the breaking of the bonds in a polymer using water.
Plant and animal cells use polysa­cch­arides as stored energy, they are also used for structure
Many AA are linked with peptide bonds, every polype­ptide has a unique link of amino acids.
DNA consists of two polynu­cle­otides in a double helix.
In a water molecule, water is partially positive and oxygen is partially negative.
      
Each end of a polype­ptide is unique, one end is a free amino acid and one is a free carboxyl group
RNA is a single stranded polynu­cle­otide
   

Unit 3

Metabolism is all of the chemical reactions in an organism.
Energy is the ability to do work
Laws of thermo­dyn­amics are the study of energy transf­orm­ations in matter is called thermo­dyn­amics
The free energy change of reactions determines whether or not the reaction occurs sponta­niously
Cells can perform three kinds of work, mechan­ical, transport, and chemical.
Metabolic pathways are a series of chemical reactions that either build complex molecules or break down complex molecules
Kinetic energy is the energy associated w/ motion.
The 1st law of thermo­dyn­amics is that energy cannot be created nor destroyed but it can be transf­erred or transf­ormed
Exergonic reactions are reations that release energy
Adenosine tripho­sphate is a molecule that organisms use as a source of energy to perform work
There are two types of metabolic pathway, catabolic and anabolic. Catabolic pathways are pathways that release energy while anabolic pathways consume energy
thermal energy is energy associated w/ the movement of atoms and molecules.
the 2nd law of thermo­dyn­amics is that energy transf­orm­ation increases the entropy of the universe.
Endergonic reactions are reactions that absorb energy
enzymes are macrom­ole­cules that speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy
 
Potential energy is stored energy
    
enzymes can be inhibited in order to stop the production of too many products.
 
chemical energy is potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction