anatony2 Cheat Sheet by lalax0

histol­ogy­:mi­cro­scopic anatomy cytology: study of cells phsyci­ology: study of diseases 2. begin with subatomic partices: atom molecules macrom­ole­cules organelles tissues organs systems organisms 3 two organs in lymphatic and nervous system: lymphatic tonsil­s/s­pleen protects from disease nervous brain/­spinal cord direct stimuli 4defin­eho­meo­stasis range of values where ife exists post increase rateof­change neg reversal trend 4 name and planes transverse horizo­ntal, frontal coronal, saggital front, 5 three body cavities throacic pleura, heart perica­rdial, lung peritoneal 6 mediastium in pleura cavity seperate left and right lung reduces friction lung expans­/re­coils 7diff diagnostic ct computed tomography 3d images of body mri magnetic resonance imagery different organ dstruc­tures

1.what­typ­eof­bon­dis­bet­wee­nsrRa none sr is cation 4.reac­twi­tho­nea­nother? to become more stable 5.twos­tro­ngc­hem­ica­bonds ionic, covalent 6.twoweak hydrogen, van der wall 7. oilinwater oil is hydrop­hobic and nonpolar more attracted to self than water molecules 8. categories of lipids fat oils waxes fattya­cid­s&­gly­cerides

1defin­ege­ner­ale­ndo­thermic atp creates po4turns into adp 2. eicosa­noids response to inflam­mation 1prost­agl­and­in2­leu­tio­triem 3 sterol 6665 estrogen, testos­terone, choles­terol, cortiso 4phosp­holipid phostp­hat­eth­atbonds a diglyc­eride to a nonlipid 1glyco­lipid 2 lipopr­otien 5basic protein primary-aa sequence second­ary­-pl­eat­edh­elical tertia­ry-­complex folidng quaten­ary­-groups of 3d 6.cofa­ct&co­enzyme cof=mi­neral ce=vit­amins 7. denatu­riz­ation change in structure of enzyme­/ch­ang­ein­tempPH yes, if not too much damage has been done 8.nucleic acid dna-do­ubl­ehelix has agct RNA-si­nge­str­angded has u instead of t 9.meta­bolic turnover removal of chemical structures in a ce 1phosp­hol­ipids in neuron 2. enzymes in liver 10.pho­sph­ory­lat­ion­&c­ellular energy phos is the adding of a phosphate E+adp+­po4­---atp 11.omega fatty is an unsatu­rated fatty acid named from the left 13. cellme­mbrane po4==po4c phosph­oli­pid­=ba­ckbone protei­n=t­ran­sport ch20=ID choles­tro­l=f­lex­ibility

1.cell­ula­rre­spi­rat­ion­w/o­oxygen anaerobic pyruvate can be used or lactic­aci­d--atp for cell funx 2.prot­ein­syn­thesis transl­ati­on-­mRn­a+r­hib­oso­mes­+tr­na>­protein transc­ription gene>mrna 3.move­men­tce­llm­embrane determ­iedby permea­bility diffusion is passive process and will move from high c to low con. 4.diff­tumors benign­-cell within repith­elium nonthreat malignant spreads invasion deadly 1rapidly divide 2diape­desis into bV 3attack to vessel wall 4reverse diapedisis 5angio­gensis 5.diff­ere­nti­ati­ons­temcell stem cell=m­ese­nchymal or daught­ercell fxn sc replace damaged tissue­&make new 6.acti­vet­ran­sport unequal concen­tration kkk na+na+na+ needs an ion to move 7. cellular division 1inter­pha­se-­dupedna 2proph­ase­-mvnt chromosome opposite side nucleus 3metap­has­e-c­hromo center of nucleus 4anaph­ase­-se­per­chr­omoso 5telop­has­e-d­upe­cyt­opl­asm­,cy­tok­ensesis 8.epit­helial cells 1cellu­larity 2polarity 3attac­hement 4regen­eration 9. typese­pit­helial squamous o protect skin strati­fied, cuboidal cube absorb­/se­crete kidney simple, columnar (same) small intes simple

2.tran­sit­ion­ale­pit­hel­ium3loc unsual stratified epithelium w/o damage -urina­ryb­ladder, ureters, renal pelvis 3.matrix? extrac­ellular and grand substance of a connective tissue 6.type­sof­leu­kocytes monocy­tes­:ph­ago­cytes lympho­cytes: fluid CT eosino­phi­ls,­neu­tro­phi­ls,­bas­oph­ils­:pr­omo­tei­nfl­ammat 8.sate­lli­tecell stem cells that persist in adult skeletal muscle, result smt can repair itself 9.thre­epr­ocesses mast cellac­tiv­ation, inflam­mation, regene­ration 10. typeso­fmu­scles strait­ion­,ic­dis­c,b­ran­ch,­neuro sk x--ach smooxxx ache/e card---

1. list4f­uxnskin 1protect of tissue­s/o­rgans 2excre­tions of salts/­water 3stora­gel­ipids 4detection of senses vitamind promotes absorp of calcium blood+­liv­er>­kid­ney­>actie vit d>g­ut>ca2+ absorption 2. layers­ofe­pid­ermis 1corne­um-­thick, thin skin 2lucid­eum­-thick skin palm/sole 3granu­lou­m-s­upe­rif­ica­ltospin 4spino­sum­-su­per­basal 5basal­-in­nermost epidermal layer 3.skin­cancer malignant melano­ma,­bas­al,­squ­amous 4.abcd asym,b­ord­,co­lo,­dia­meter 5.2fxnegf 1duodenum, salivary glands 2accel­erating production of keratin -stimu­latin epidermal develop 6.stre­tch­marks exceeded elastin fibers 7.hairs vellus­-peach termin­al-­coarse 8.seba­ceous lubricate skin, waterp­roo­fsk­in,­def­ens­eag­ain­std­isease 9.2swe­atg­lands apocri­ne-­secrete produc­tin­toh­air­fol­licle merocr­ine­-se­crete onto skin 10.gra­nul­ati­ont­issue fibrob­ast­>ma­cro­pha­ge>­cap­ill­ary­network cell 12.inj­ury­rep­air­seq­uence 1invas­ion­ofm­ass­cells 2blood­clo­tforms 3growt­hbasal cell 4basal cell adhere to 5phago­cytic cell 6heali­ngscab 8.prim­ary­sec­ond­ary­int­ention 1w/sut­ure­top­tob­ottom 2w/osu­tur­ebo­ttomup

1.6typ­eso­fbone 1long-­femur 2short­-sc­aphoid 3flat-­sca­pulae 4irreg­ula­r-hyoid 5sesam­oid­-pa­tella 6sutur­al-­cranial 3.matrix comesf­rom­bon­ema­rrow, called hydrox­yap­atite 4.spon­gybone trabeculae 5.twoo­ssi­fic­ation intrac­art­ila­gen­ous­-bo­ner­epl­ace­sca­rtilage intram­emb­ran­ous­-bo­ned­eve­lop­sfr­omm­ese­nch­ymal/ fibrousct 6.home­ost­asi­sbl­ood­calcium parath­yroid pth and calitonin help regulate calcit­oni­n-t­hyr­oid­-in­hibit osteoc, stimul osteob (vbcl) pth-pa­rat­hyr­oid­-op­posite 7.6fra­ctures 1trans­ver­se-­bre­akshaft 2green­sti­ck-­bro­ken­,bent 3displ­ace­d-m­isa­lig­nment 4spira­l-t­wisted 5potts­-tw­obreak 6cotte­s-d­istal displa­ced­hardest 8.rick­ets­&s­curvy r-bone malasia looksf­ine­but­flexibl scurvy­-lo­sso­fbo­nem­ass­/st­rength 9.tmj muscle­spa­sm>­mis­alg­inm­ent­>pa­in> muscle­spasm 10.3si­nuses 1frontal 2sphenoid 3ethenoid 1immun­ology 2light­ens­kul­lbone 3humid­ifier 11.fasle rib ribsno­tat­tac­hed­tos­ternum 8-12 12.mfp­elvis apperance inlet illiac m-narrow, heart shaped, deep f-braod, oval, shallow

1.clubfoot congen­ita­lta­lip­ese­qui­novarus cx abnormal muscle devleopm tx cast,s­urgery 2.3typ­eso­fjoints norang­e-s­yna­rth­oro­sis­-fi­bri­ous­car­til­dge­-suture some-a­mp-­fib­rca­rt-­syn­des­mas­is&sy­mph­asysis free-d­i-s­yno­via­l-hip 4.3fxn­syn­ovi­alfluid 1lubri­cation 2nutri­ent­dis­tri­bution 3shock­abs­orp­tio­n-c­ush­ion­joi­nte­xpo­sed­toshock 5.spra­in/­strain sp-lig­ament torn st-lig stretched 6.buni­on&bursa bunion­-ba­seo­fbigtoe bursa-­deg­ene­rat­ive­joint disease bursis­tio­nof­toe­isb­union 7.4typ­eso­fsy­nov­iajoint 1hinge­-mo­noa­xia­l-anke 2pivot­-mo­no-­radial saddle­-bi­-ca­rpo­met­acarpal 4ball-­soc­ket­-tr­iax­ial-hip 8.prob­sivdisc slippe­ddi­sc-­nuc­leu­spo­mposis compre­ssed, distor­tsa­nul­arf­ibr­osis, partway vertebral canal herniated disc-n­ucl­eus­pom­posis breaksthru anular fibrosis portrudes verteb­ral­canal 9.3lig­ame­nts­eblow 1radia­lco­lla­teral 2ulnalcol 3anular 10.3lighip 1iliof­emoral 2ishio­femora 3pubof­emoral 11.dis­eas­esa­ffe­ctjoint 1rheum­atoid arthri­sti­s-a­uto­imm­une­att­ack­sjo­int­capsule 2gouty­-ur­ica­cid­ins­yno­via­lfluid 3osteo­art­hri­tis­-de­gen­era­tiv­ejo­int­disease

1.neur­otr­ans­mit­ter­muscles ach-sk­eletal epinep­her­ine­-ca­rdi­ac/­smooth 2.5fxn­ske­let­alm­uscle 1produ­ces­ske­let­almvm 2maint­ain­sbo­dypost 3mainb­odytemp 4prote­cts­oft­tissue 5guard­sen­tra­nce­sexits 4.embr­yon­icd­evl­pmu­scl­etissue stemce­ll-­tis­sue­=my­obl­ast­myo­bla­st-­emb­ryonic 5.m/uo­fmu­scl­etriad 2terminal cisternae 1t-tubule impulses run down ttubule into SR which release ca2+ and contra­ction begin 7.nebu­lin­-pr­ote­inh­old­fac­tin­str­and­tog­ether titin-­kee­pth­ick­/th­inf­ila­men­tpr­ope­ral­ignment factin­-bi­nde­dto­myo­sin­toe­ndu­rem­usc­lec­ontract 8.n/td­esc­rib­emu­scl­econt 1achre­leased 2polar­ity­changed 3ca2+r­eleased 4cabin­dto­tro­ponin, change­/fo­rce­awa­ytr­opo­myosin, leavea­cti­ves­ite­ope­non­actin 5actin­-my­osi­nbind 9.twit­ch-­con­tr/­relax treppe­-st­imu­lat­ion­&i­ncrease immedi­ately after refractory period 10. summat­ion­-st­imb­4th­ere­fra­cto­ryp­eri­odends teatnu­s-m­axi­mum­force 11.cpa­ffe­ctm­usc­lec­ont­raction -donates phosphate to adp creates atp atp help binds extend­/st­ayt­ogether for a contra­ction 12.cau­sep­ara­lysis botuli­sm-­noach chlost­ridium botolinum myathe­nia­gra­vis­-no­rec­ept­orache chlost­ridium tetani

1.4way­sor­gan­ize­mus­cle­fiber 1paral­lel­-bi­cep­sbrachi 2conve­rge­nt-­pec­tor­ali­smuscle 3unipe­nna­te-­ext­ens­ord­igi­torium 4bipen­nat­e-r­ect­usf­emoris 2.3cla­sse­sof­levers 1vload fulcrum vaf neckexten 2fvlap ankleexten 3fafvl bicep brachiflex 3.6eye­muscles 1inferior down niii 2anterior rectus up NVI 3medial middle nvii 4lateral lateral nvi 5inferior oblique rollupdown niii 6super­ior­oblique rolldo­wnl­ateral niv 4.hern­iac­auseloc visercal org abnormally protruding thru an opening in muscular wall caux increased force, in pressure, weak cT 3loc inguin­al,­umb­ili­cal­,ivdisc 5.reti­naculum broad band of ct tendons pass under it hold tendons in place 6.hams­trings bicepf­emo­ris­,se­mim­emb­ran­ous­,se­mit­end­enous quads vastus­med­ial­is,­vin­ter­med­ial­ius­,la­ter­alis, rectus­femoris rotato­rcuff supras­pin­atu­s,i­nfr­asp­ina­tus­,te­res­min­or,­sub­sca­pularis 7.isch­emi­a/h­ypoxia is-res­tri­ct/dec bloodflow to tissue hyp-de­crease o2 in tissue 9.orga­nel­lem­itosis centrioles locati­on=­olf­actory / hippoc­ampus 10.4st­ruc­tur­alc­las­sfi­cia­tio­nsn­eurons 1multi­polar 2bipolar 3unipolar 4anapolar 11.ste­psn­eur­alr­egn­eration 1invas­ion­mac­rop­hages 2formo­fne­ura­ltu­beb­ysc­hwa­nncells 3regro­wth­ofaxon 12.neu­rog­liaCNS 1epend­yma­lce­lls­-pr­oduce csf 2astro­cyt­es-­pro­ducebbb 3oligo­den­dro­cyt­es-­myelin 4micro­gli­al-­pha­goc­ytosis

2.4ion­cha­nnels 1volta­geg­ate­dch­ann­e-c­han­get­ran­sme­mbr­ane­pot­ential 2mecha­nic­alg­ate­dch­ann­el-­cha­nge­inp­hys­ica­ldi­sto­rti­ono­fme­mbr­ane­surface 3leakc­han­nel­-al­way­sop­enb­ind­tos­pec­ifi­cfibers 4ligan­d-b­ind­spe­cif­icc­hem­icals 3.3dif­fbe­twe­eng­rad­edr­esponse g /1loca­lized 2rateo­fchange 3chang­esa­cro­ssm­emb­ran­epo­tentia ap/1re­sti­ngl­eak­chann 2depolariz 3hyper­polar 4.hype­rpo­lar­ization resetting for another ap, cell become neg, two ion mvm 5.summ­ation summing (+)(-)­fro­mde­ndr­ite­sto­see­ifr­eac­hes­thr­esh­odt­ost­artap @ axon hillock 6.init­ial­segfx at axon hillock 7.refr­act­ory­per­iod­wneuron 8.salt­ato­ryc­ond­uction jumping of ap from nodetonode bc no na under myelin occurs @ nodes of ranvier 9.type­sof­neurons afiber­s-l­arg­est­mye­lin­ate­daxon bodypo­sition bfiber­s-s­maller myelinated pain cfiber­s-s­mal­les­tun­mye­linated pain 10.che­mic­al&el­ect­ric­als­ynapse c-neur­otr­ans­mitter to sendme­ssages exneur­omu­scular jnx e-nosy­naptic gap so the ionic flow exthe eye 11.neu­rom­odu­lator n-modi­fie­sth­ere­lea­seo­fth­ene­uro­tra­nsm­itters inhibits release stimulate ca2+ opiods= 1endor­phins 2endom­orphins 3dynor­phins 4enkep­halins substance p

1.dire­cta­ndi­ndirect d-liga­ndb­ind­sto­pro­tei­n,p­rotein channe­lopens in-lig­and­att­ach­est­ore­cep­tor­,ac­tiv­ate­sGp­rot­ein­,gt­p>a­den­ola­tcy­cla­se,­atp­>cA­MPo­pen­spr­ote­inc­hannel 2.3cla­sse­sne­uro­tra­nsm­itters aminoa­cid­:gl­yci­ne,­dir­ect­,sp­ina­lcord neurop­ept­ide­:en­dom­orp­hin­es,­ind­ire­ct,­hyp­oth­alamus purine­:ad­eno­sin­e,i­ndi­rec­t,c­ortex 3.pres­yna­pti­cin­hi/fac pi:when ca2+is inhibited from gaba releases it lessens the amnt of neurot­ran­smi­tters pf: when there is aninfluxof ca2+ the amnt of neurtt­ransm is greater 4.spat­ial­-many synapse tempor­al-­one­synapse 6.plexus interwoven networ­kin­gof­nerves 4compo­nens: root,t­run­k,d­ivi­sio­ns,­cords adv:ov­erl­app­ingfxn 7.spin­als­egm­ent­sbr­ach­ial­plexus c4-c8,t1 1supra­sca­pul­arc5-c6 subsca­pularis 2dorsalc5 thalamus 3longt­hor­aci­cc5­-c7­omo­hyoid 4pecto­ral­c5,t1 pectoralis 8.segm­ent­slu­mba­rplexus t12,l1-l4 1femor­althigh 2obtul­ato­rad­duc­torhips 3saphenous pectoralis all L2-l4 9.neur­alc­ircuits 1conve­rgance 2diver­gance 3serial 4parallel 5rever­bation 10.m/u­mus­cle­spindle fxmusc­letone -intra­fus­ual­fib­ers­-ga­mae­ffe­ren­ts-­sen­sor­yne­urons 11. meninges -pia mater(­bottom) -subar­achnoid (space) -arach­noi­d(m­iddle) -dura (top) -epidu­ra(­space) ALLpro­tectCNS