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Cyanotic Congenital Heart AnomaliesPulmonary Atresia | Pulmonary valve closed, ASD and PDA present, intact ventricular septum | Transposition of the great vessels | Complete transposition of the aorta and pulmonary artery | Hypoplastic left heart syndrome | Small left ventricle, normal great vessels | Tetralogy of Fallot | Subaortic septal defect, right ventricular outflow obstruction, overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy |
Acyanotic Congenital Heart AbnormalitiesASD | Opening between the left and right atria. Ostium secundum most common. | VSD | Opening between the left and right ventricle. **Most common of all congenital defects. | AV Septal Defect (Canal) | Due to incomplete fusion of the endocardial fusions. Common in Down Syndrome. | PDA | Failure/delay in closure of the channel bypassing the lungs (which during fetal development allows placental gas exchange) | Coarctation of the Aorta | Narrowing in the proximal thoracic aorta |
| | Aortic/Mitral Valvular DisordersAortic Stenosis | Narrowing of the valve opening | Aortic Insufficiency (Regurg) | Results in volume overload of left ventricle | Mitral Stenosis | Impedes blood flow between the left atrium and left ventricle | Mitral Insufficiency | Causes backflow and volume overload of left atrium | Mitral Valve Prolapse | Can range from asymptomatic to causing mitral regurg. | Consequence of calve-related heart failure | Pulmonary HTN + congestion | Most common cause of mitral/aortic valve disorders | Congenital defects* (also rheumatic heart disease, infix) | Clinical scenario: female with minor chest wall deformity, mid systolic click, late systolic murmur | Mitral valve prolapse | Treatment | surgical repair, valve replacement, and balloon valvuloplasty | Recommendations | Anticoagulation therapy esp. if pt. has Afib, and abc to prevent enocarditis if regurg. |
Tricuspid/Pulmonic Valve DisordersRight-sided pressure overload leads to: | Right-sided cardiomegaly, systemic venous congestion, and right-sided heart failure | Clinical features | Exercise intolerance, JVD, peripheral eema, hepatomegaly | EKG Findings | Right-axis deviation | Echo Findings | Definitive method for identifying structural/functional abnormalities | Treatment | Na+ restriciton, diruteic therapy --> decrease fluid volume and right atrial filling pressure |
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