Unit 5 AP Bio Cheat Sheet (DRAFT) by koaeks

The process that all organisms go through in order to produce gamete­s(sex cells). The purpose it to create variation within the popula­tion. The daughter cells look similar to the parent cells but no exactly identical. It involves one round of DNA replic­ation and two round of cellular division. The resulting cells are haploid, meaning they have half of the genetic content of a typical cell.

Same as meiosis 1 except for the last phase where the cells divide into haploids.

Takes place during the first round of cellular division in meiosis. It is where homologous chromo­somes share genetic material. Homologous chromo­somes are two different versions of the same gene, one from mom and one from dad. Homologous chromo­somes exchange parts of their chromo­somes at the same location, therefore, no adding or subtra­cting genes, just exchanging the version of the gene.

Means that there is a random chance that each egg and sperm will join one another. There are around a thousand sperm cells that can fertilize the one mature egg and the genetics found in each of them is distinct. The specific sperm that joins the specific egg for each fertil­ization is random, meaning that the same two parents are not going to produce the same child twice.

Came up with laws about genetics and inheri­tance including the law of indepe­ndent assortment which allows scientists to determine how genes are inherited from generation to generation

States that two alleles from each parent are segregated during gamete format­ion(AKA meiosis). Basically, each gamete gets only one of the two copies of a specific gene.

Due to the rules that Gregor Mandel made, the frequency of inheri­tance can be determined when two indivi­duals are crossed through a Punnett square When a hetero­zygous and homozygous recessive is crossed, there is a 50% chance that the offspring will show up as dominant and a 50% chance that the offspring will show up as recessive.

This inheri­tance is just like a monohybrid but instead of one gene being looked at and crossed, two genes are being crossed and looked at. Depending on the genotypes, different ratios can be made such as the 9:3:3:1 ratio

Two unaffected parents produce an affected child

If a mother is affected, all of her sons will be affected. Carrier females will produce a dispro­por­tionate number of affected males. If you see signif­icantly more males shaded than females, there is a strong likelihood that the disorder is sex-linked recessive

Yes, the chloro­plasts are inherited exclus­ively from the mother, just like the mitoch­ondria are (this applies to questions about plants). If a mother is affected, all of her offspring will be affected. If a father is affected, none of his offspring will be affected. These conditions involved disorder of ATP production (mitoc­hon­dria) or G3P production (chlor­opl­asts)

Many traits do not follow Mendel's laws of dominant or recessive inheri­tance.

Traits that exist on the sex chromo­somes wither X or Y.

Traits in which both alleles are equally dominant, example is spots on cows.

Some indivi­duals inherited traits or adapta­tions that raise their fitness, allowing them to survive and reproduce.

Enviro­nmental factors can also influence the physical expression of genes(­Phe­notypic plasti­city). This occurs when indivi­duals with the same genotype exhibit different phenotypes in different enviro­nments. Organisms with phenotypic plasticity can change its physical traits in response to changes in the enviro­nment. An example of this is foxes as their coat turns white in the winter and back to orange once the snow is gone. This of course increases the organisms fitness.