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CS 2700 - Mid-Term Cheat Sheet by

Organi­zation vs. Archit­ecture

Archit­ecture
The attributes of a system visible to a programmer
Organi­zation
The oerational units and their interc­onn­ections that realize the archit­ectural specif­ica­tions

Main Components of the CPU

Control Unit
Controls the operation of the CPU and hence the computer
Arithmetic and Logic Unit
Performs the computers data processing function
Registers
provides storage central to the CPU
CPU Interc­onn­ection
some mechanism that provides for commun­ication among the control unit, ALU, and registers

Integer Repres­ent­ation

Sign Magnitude:
+18 = 00010010
-18 = 10010010

Benefits: Simple
Drawbacks: addition and subtra­ction need to take sign and number into consid­eration for calcul­ations and there are two ways to represent 0.
To extend range: Move sign bit to new leftmost bit and fill rest with 0s

Two's Comple­ment:
Similar to sign magnitude, except for how the other digits except the signed one are consid­ered.
to extend range: move sign bit to new leftmost bit and fill rest with same sign as sign bit

Biased Repres­ent­ation
A fixed value is subtracted from the field
 

Structure vs. Function

Structure
The way in which the components are interr­elated
Function
The operation of each individual component as part of the structure

HISTORY

First generation computers: ENIAC -> IAS Computer -> UNIVAC
"von Neumann Machin­es"
Why important? - Stored­-Pr­ogram Concept
How does it work? - 1000 memory locations called words, which are 40 bits each. Each word is divided into a left and right instru­ction. Each instru­ction is divided into an 8 bit opcode saying the operation to be performed and a 12 bit address pointing to one of the words in memory. Repeatedly performs instru­ction cycles, divided between the fetch and execute cycles. In the fetch cycle, the opcode of the next instru­ction is loaded into the IR and the address portion is loaded into the MAR. This instru­ction may be taken from the IBR, or it can be obtained from memory by loading a word into the MBR and then down to the IBR, IR, and MAR. Once opcode is in IR, execute cycle is performed - opcode is interp­reted and sends out the approp­riate signals to cause data to be moved or an operation to be performed by the ALU

Second Genera­tion: Transi­stors
Transi­stors are smaller and cheaper than vacuum tubes. This created a huge boom in availa­bility of computers.

Third Genera­tion: Integrated Circuits
All of these components can now be produced in silicon chips instead of discrete compon­ents, further reducing the cost and size of computers.
 

Main Functions that a computer can perform

Data Processing
Data Storage
Date Movement
Control

Moore's Law

The number of transi­stors that can be placed onto a chip doubles every year. revised to every 18 months since the 1970s

Import­ance:
1) Cost remains relatively the same while computing power doubles
2) Operating Speed is increased due to shorter electrical pathways because everything is so close together
3) Smaller size means computers can be placed in more enviro­nments
4) Reduction in power and cooling requir­ements
5) With more circuitry on each chip, there are fewer interchip connec­tions
 

Main Components of a Computer

Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Controls the operation of the computer and performs its data processing functions
Main Memory
Stores Data
I/O
Moves data between the computer and its external enviro­nment
System Interc­onn­ections
Some mechanism that provides for commun­ication among CPU, main memory, and I/O.

EQUATIONS

CPI = (SUM_i=1^n (CPI_i x I_i)) / I_C

T = I_C x CPI x Tau

Tau = 1/f

MIPS rate = I_C / (T x 106 ) or f / (CPI x 106)

MFLOPS rate = (number of executed floati­ng-­point operations in a program) / (execution time x 106)

speedup (Amdahl's Law) = 1 / ((1 - f) + (f/N))
               
 

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