Organization vs. Architecture
Architecture |
The attributes of a system visible to a programmer |
Organization |
The oerational units and their interconnections that realize the architectural specifications |
Main Components of the CPU
Control Unit |
Controls the operation of the CPU and hence the computer |
Arithmetic and Logic Unit |
Performs the computers data processing function |
Registers |
provides storage central to the CPU |
CPU Interconnection |
some mechanism that provides for communication among the control unit, ALU, and registers |
Integer Representation
Sign Magnitude:
+18 = 00010010
-18 = 10010010
Benefits: Simple
Drawbacks: addition and subtraction need to take sign and number into consideration for calculations and there are two ways to represent 0.
To extend range: Move sign bit to new leftmost bit and fill rest with 0s
Two's Complement:
Similar to sign magnitude, except for how the other digits except the signed one are considered.
to extend range: move sign bit to new leftmost bit and fill rest with same sign as sign bit
Biased Representation
A fixed value is subtracted from the field |
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Structure vs. Function
Structure |
The way in which the components are interrelated |
Function |
The operation of each individual component as part of the structure |
HISTORY
First generation computers: ENIAC -> IAS Computer -> UNIVAC
"von Neumann Machines"
Why important? - Stored-Program Concept
How does it work? - 1000 memory locations called words, which are 40 bits each. Each word is divided into a left and right instruction. Each instruction is divided into an 8 bit opcode saying the operation to be performed and a 12 bit address pointing to one of the words in memory. Repeatedly performs instruction cycles, divided between the fetch and execute cycles. In the fetch cycle, the opcode of the next instruction is loaded into the IR and the address portion is loaded into the MAR. This instruction may be taken from the IBR, or it can be obtained from memory by loading a word into the MBR and then down to the IBR, IR, and MAR. Once opcode is in IR, execute cycle is performed - opcode is interpreted and sends out the appropriate signals to cause data to be moved or an operation to be performed by the ALU
Second Generation: Transistors
Transistors are smaller and cheaper than vacuum tubes. This created a huge boom in availability of computers.
Third Generation: Integrated Circuits
All of these components can now be produced in silicon chips instead of discrete components, further reducing the cost and size of computers. |
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Main Functions that a computer can perform
Data Processing |
Data Storage |
Date Movement |
Control |
Moore's Law
The number of transistors that can be placed onto a chip doubles every year. revised to every 18 months since the 1970s
Importance:
1) Cost remains relatively the same while computing power doubles
2) Operating Speed is increased due to shorter electrical pathways because everything is so close together
3) Smaller size means computers can be placed in more environments
4) Reduction in power and cooling requirements
5) With more circuitry on each chip, there are fewer interchip connections |
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Main Components of a Computer
Central Processing Unit (CPU) |
Controls the operation of the computer and performs its data processing functions |
Main Memory |
Stores Data |
I/O |
Moves data between the computer and its external environment |
System Interconnections |
Some mechanism that provides for communication among CPU, main memory, and I/O. |
EQUATIONS
CPI = (SUM_i=1^n (CPI_i x I_i)) / I_C
T = I_C x CPI x Tau
Tau = 1/f
MIPS rate = I_C / (T x 106 ) or f / (CPI x 106)
MFLOPS rate = (number of executed floating-point operations in a program) / (execution time x 106)
speedup (Amdahl's Law) = 1 / ((1 - f) + (f/N)) |
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