AP Bio Unit 5: Heredity Cheat Sheet by julescrisfulla

altern­ative forms of a gene found on the same locus on a chromosome

2 identical alleles

bb (homoz­ygous recessive)

two copies of each hereditary factor (allele) segregate

the reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis

blood groups

neither is dominant or recessive, but there is no blending

pedigree: family tree

females: circles

half shaded: carrier

nature: geneti­cally determined

in humans:

~ males: XY

~ duchenne muscular dystrophy

~ colorb­lin­dness

if RF is >50%, the traits are considered to be indepe­ndently assorted and on DIFFERENT chromo­somes

two identical cells

Fission: bacteria

Budding: coral

haploid: cells that contain a single set of chromo­somes in an egg or sperm cell (23 gametes)

triploid: Extra set of chromo­somes (69 chromo­somes)

3 sets of chromo­somes make it very unlikely for meiosis to succes­sfully produce spores and gameto­phytes. Uneven number of chromo­somes that won’t pair correctly

4 haploid cells

parent to daughter cell

a trait is expressed when dominant allele is present

one dominant and one recessive allele

Bb

hereditary factors (alleles) assort into gametes indepe­ndently from one another (every combin­ation)

crossing over

random fertil­ization

different genes can interact to control the phenotypic expression of a single trait

barr bodies

genes that are on the same chromosome

exhibit recomb­ination freque­ncies less than 50%

gametes (sperm and egg)

internal fertil­iza­tion: humans, sharks, turtles

hermap­hro­dites: most worms, flowering plants

reduces the chromosome number

2) Prophase I

~ chiasma: exchange of genes between non sister chromatids

3) Metaphase I

4) Anaphase I

5) Telophase I and Cytoki­nesis I

7) Metaphase II

9) Telophase II and Cytoki­nesis II

donor to recipient cell

transd­uction (virus -> bacteria)

a trait is masked in the presence of a dominant allele

physical charac­ter­istic of a trait

genetic makeup of the chromosome

neither allele is completely dominant

blending

mode of inheri­tance in which additive effects of two or more genes determines a single trait

AABBCC: dark

Dominant disorders:

~ huntin­gton's (late acting lethals)

~ cystic fibrosis

~ sickle cell

if we accept the null hypothesis (1:1:1:1), then the genes indepe­ndently assort on DIFFERENT chromo­somes