The First Battle of Ypres
1914 |
The BEF had moved to the town of Ypres in order to prevent the German advance. |
Autumn 1914--> Germans launched an attack on the British positions to the East. |
British lost 50,000 troops. |
They held on to Ypres, which allowed them control of the English Channel ports. |
End --> The Germans had extended their control around the edge of the Ypres Salient as far as the village of Messines. |
The Battle of Arras
1917 |
24,000 men who had been hiding near the German trenches attacked. This was to break through the German line. |
The British advanced 8 miles. |
160,000 British and Canadian casualties |
Trench System
Communication trench ran between the other trenches. |
At the end there were artillery emplacements. |
Dugouts for protective cover. |
Support trench was 80 metres behind the front line. Troops would retreat here if the frontline came under attack. |
Trenches were in zig-zag patterns. |
Reserve trench was 100 metres behind the support trench and was where reserve troops could be mobilised if the frontline was captured. |
Frontline trench was where attacks would be made from. |
Third Battle of Ypres
1917 |
Break out of the Ypres Salient (vulnerable position of battlefields) |
Wanted to remove advantage of German higher ground. |
The British marched East towards Passchendaele. Advanced about 2 miles. |
Ground became waterlogged and men drowned. |
Had to move edge of salient back by about 7 miles. |
245,000 British casualties. |
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Hill-60
Hill-60 --> Man-made hill to the south-east of Ypres. |
Germans captured it in 1914. |
British used offensive mining to take it back in 1915. They tunnelled under the hill. |
Chain of Evacuation
RAP |
200m of the Frontline, in communication trenches or deserted buildings. To give immediate first aid. |
Wounded men could walk there, and it was made up of a regimental aid officer, with some help from stretcher bearers. |
ADS |
400m from the RAP, located in abandoned buildings for shelter. |
Each dressing station was staffed by ten medical officers. Used a triage system. |
MDS |
800m from the RAP, dugouts or bunkers. |
Used a triage system. |
CCS |
Sufficient distance from the frontline to provide safety, however it was close enough to be accessible by ambulance wagons. Specialised injuries. Set up in buildings such as factories and schools, to provide shelter. |
Triage system. |
Ambulance Train |
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Base Hospitals |
Located close to the French and Belgium coast, so that wounded men could board onto hospital ships easily. |
They experimented with new techniques, of which successful ones were used in CCS'. For example, wards. |
Hospital Ship |
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The Second Battle of Ypres
1915--> Straight after Hill-60 |
First time the Germans used chlorine gas. |
59,000 men lost |
Germans had moved two miles closer to the town of Ypres by the end. |
Battle of the Somme
1916 |
First Day --> British Casualties 57,000 // Deaths 20,000 |
Creeping Barrage - Artillery launched from the trenches towards the German lines just ahead of the British infantry as it advanced forward |
First use of tanks in warfare, and it was not successful. |
400,000 casualties |
Arras
1916 - British decided to link the existing tunnels to create an underground network around Arras. |
2.5 Miles / 25,000 Men could be stationed there |
Contained electric lights, running water, railway system and a hospital |
The Battle of Cambrai
1917 |
Artillery Barrage was changed so that less waning of the coming attack was given to the Germans. |
First large scale use of tanks. - 450 Tanks |
They were very effective. |
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