Include Headers#include | <headerfile> | Common Headers / Libraries | #include <stdio.h> | I / O functions | #include <string.h> | string functions | #include <time.h> | time functions | #include <stdlib.h> | memory, rand, ... | #include <math.h> | math functions | #include <iostream.h> | #include <fstream.h> | I / O file functions | #include "myfile.h" | Insert file in current directory |
Comments// One line comment text | /* multiple line block comment text */ |
Basic Variable TypesNUMBER int a; float a; | CHARACTER char car; string s;
char car = ‘c’; string s = “hola mon”; | BOOL bool b = false/true; |
Basic input / Output Operatorscin | cin >> var | cout | cout<<"The variable has"<<var |
Basic Operators / Math Operators+ Add | - Less | * Mult | / Div | % Mod | ++var / --var | var++ / var-- |
| | ConditionalsA == B | if A is equal to B, this is true; otherwise, it’s false | A != B | if A is NOT equal to B, this is true; otherwise, it’s false | A < B | if A is less than B, this is true; otherwise, it’s false | A > B | if A is greater B, this is true; otherwise, it’s false | A <= B | if A is less than or equal to B, this is true; otherwise, it’s false | A >= B | if A is greater or equal to B, this is true; otherwise, it’s false | A ! B | if A | A && B | if condition A and condition B are true, this is true; otherwise, it's false. | A || B | if condition A or condition B is true, this is true; otherwise, it's false. |
Boolean expressions in C++ are evaluated left to right! Arraystype array_name [ # of elements ]; int price [10]; | type array_name [# elements] [# elements]; int price [5] [10]; |
· Array index starts at 0.
· Ex: Access 3rd element : cout<<price [2]; Control Flowif sentence | | if ( conditional ) {
// do something
}
else if ( another_conditional ) {
// do something else
}
else {
// do something as default
} | while sentence | | while ( conditional ) {
// do something
}
placing “break;” breaks out of the loop.
placing “continue;” jumps to next loop. | for sentence | | for ( init; test; command ) {
// do something
}
"break;" and "continue;" identical effects. | do while sentence | | do {
//do something
} while (bool expression); | switch case sentence | | switch ( variable )
{
case value1:
// do something;
break;
case value2:
// do something else;
break;
[default:
// do something by default:
break; ]
} |
| | File Input / Output#include <fstream.h>
ifstream file; //read buffer
ofstream file; //write buffer
file.open ("filename", [file mode constant]);
//Test if the file was created
if(fs.is_open()) if(fs)
//Reads/Writes like cin and cout
file >> var; //Read
file << ''Text: "<< var << endl; //Write
//Read Entire line
getline (file,String);
//Read until it arrives at the end of file
while(file.eof())
//Detect if the read/write fail
if(file.fail())
//Close File
file.close();
|
File Mode Constants
ios::in //Opens file for reading
ios::out //Opens file for writing
ios::app //Causes output to be appended at EOF
ios::trunc //Destroys the previous contents
ios::nocreate //Causes open() to fail if file doesn't already exist
ios::noreplace //Causes open() to fail if file already exists Procedures //Declaration
void ProcedureName()
{
// do something
}
//Call to procedure
ProcedureName();
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In the procedures we don't receive variables and don't return other variable. Functions//Declaration
[returnType] functionName ( [input1Type input1Name, input2Type input2Name, ....] )
{
// do something
return value; // value must be of type returnType
}
//Call to function
[returntype var =] functionName ([input1Type input1Name, input2Type input2Name, ....])
|
We have two methods to create and call functions:
passed with values and passed for reference.
Pass by reference : we put & before variable in the declaration. StructuresStructure declaration : | struct <structure_name>
{
<type> <name>, <name>, ... ;
<type> <name>, <name>, ... ;
} | Var declaration with structure type : | <structure_name> var_name; | Acces to structure : | var_name.name; |
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