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Cheatography

Biology Chapter 5 Cheat Sheet (DRAFT) by

The structure and function of large biological molecules

This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.

Organic Molecules

The 4 Main Macrom­ole­cules aka Organic Molecules
Carboh­ydrates
 
Lipids
 
Proteins
 
Nucleic Acid

Dehydr­ation Synthesis

Enzyme (PN) comes and forces the covalent bond to break-­-> bond breaks and water is formed

Hydrolysis

-lysis = break
this is an enzyme catalyzed reaction

Phosph­olipids

Amphip­athic: both water loving (head) and hating (tails)
Most often found in the plasma­(cell membrane)
 

Mono, Di, and Poly mers

Monomers
Dimers
Polymers
one subunit
2 subunits of monomers connected by a covalent bond
a chain of 3 or more monomers connected by a double bond
0
0---0
0---0-­--0­---­0---0

Polymers

False Polymers
True Polymers
Hetero­polymer
Homopo­lymers
different monomers are attached in a chain
same monomer gets repeated in a chain
0---X-­--Y­---­0--­-X---0
0---0-­--0­---­0---0
Lipids
Protei­ns(PN), Carbs, Nucleic Acid

Lipids

Do not form polymers
Fat
Phosph­olipid
Steroid
little to no affinity to water, hydrop­hobic
1) Glycerol 2) fatty acid
1)Glycerol 2) fatty acid 3) phosphate
4 or more fused carbon rings
Functional Group: Carboxyl
Covalent bond = ester linkage

Fatty Acid

Fat loses OH- on the Carboxyl bc =O
Glycerol loses H+ bonds to the Carboxyl
Unsatu­rated Fatty Acid
Saturated Fatty Acid
H2O Produced
H2O Produced
0----/­\--­-/\---
0-------
   
kinked chain = double bond
no kinks = no double bond

Steroids

ONLY STEROIDS ARE FUSED RINGS
 

Carboh­ydrates

Polymer: Polysa­cch­aride
Covalent bonds in carbs
Functional Group: Carboxyl C=O
Dimer: Disacc­haride
Alfa A: \o/ Glycosidic
C=O at beginn­ging= Aldose
Monomer: Monosa­cch­aride
Beta B: /o\ Glycosidid
C=O in middle­=Ketose

Monosa­cch­arides

3-6 Carbons
CH2O
C3H6O3
Triose
C5H10O5
Pentose

Dissac­hrides

When bonding together:
Glucose will always lose OH-
Fructose will always lose H+

The anomeric carbon is the C attached to OH- and O

Polysa­cch­arides

Cellulose
Chitin
a component of tough cell wall (not digest­ible)
Forms the exoske­leton of anthro­pods, makes strong flexible surgical suture
 
(C8H13­O5N)n

Protei­ns(PN)

Function: structure, storage, transport, cellular commun­ica­tion, movement, defense against foreign substances
Very complex 3D structures
Examples:
Examples:
One mistake at the PN level --> genetic mutation --> death
Several chains of polype­ptides attached
Enzymes: digestive; selective accele­ration of chemical reactions
Struct­ural: support; silk fibers, collagen, keratin, horns etc
   
Storage: store amino acids, egg whites, protein in milk
Transport: movement of other substa­nces, hemoglobin
   
Hormonal: coordi­nation of organism activity; insulin
Receptor: response of cell to chemical stimuli; receptors in nerve cell membrane
   
Contra­ctile and Motor: movement; actin & mysoin in muscles; motor proteins in cilia and flagella
Defense: protection against disease; antibodies that fight bacteria viruses
encomp­asses 50% of the dry mass of most all cells